Validity Validity A property exhibited by a test that measures what it purports to measure Face Validity Measures whether a test looks like it tests what it is supposed to test Content Validity A property exhibited by a test in which each item is representative of the larger body o ID: 277732
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Testing and Individual Differences (Intelligence)Slide2
Validity
Validity – A property exhibited by a test that measures what it purports to measure.
Face Validity – Measures whether a test looks like it tests what it is supposed to test.
Content Validity – A property exhibited by a test in which each item is representative of the larger body of knowledge about the subject the test covers.
Criterion Validity – A property exhibited by a test that accurately measures performance of the test taker against a specific learning goal.Slide3
Reliability
Reliability – A property exhibited by a test that yields the same results over time.
Test-retest Reliability – A property exhibited by a test on which people get about the same scores when they take the test more than once.
Split-half Reliability – A measure of reliability in which a test is split into two parts and an individual’s scores on both halves are compared.Slide4
Standardization and Norms
Standardization Means:
The administration and scoring guidelines are the same for each subject taking the test.
The results of the test can be used to draw conclusion about the test takers in regard to the objectives of the test.Slide5
Standardization and Norms
Normal Range – Scores falling near the middle of a normal distribution.Slide6
Types of Test
Objective Tests – Tests that can be scored easily by machine, such as multiple choice tests and selected-response tests.
Subjective Tests – Tests in which individuals are given an ambiguous figure or an open-ended situation and asked to describe what they see or finish a story.
Inter-rater reliability – A measure of how similarly two different test scorers would score a test.Slide7
Intelligence
A concept, not a “thing.”
Intelligence – Mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.Slide8
Intelligence Testing
Intelligence test – A method for assessing an individual’s mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others using numerical scores.Slide9
Intelligence Testing
Binet
and Simon – Introduced intelligence testing in the early 1900s to evaluate school children’s mental age.
Mental age – The average age at which normal (average) individuals achieve a particular score.
Chronological age – The number of years since the individual’s birth.Slide10
Intelligence Testing in the U.S.
Standford-Binet
intelligence scale / test invented by Lewis
Terman
Today the Wechsler intelligence test is considered to be a little more modern.
From it comes the term IQ
Intelligence Quotient – A numerical score on an intelligence test, originally computed by dividing the person’s mental age by chronological age and multiplying by 100.Slide11
Extremes
Low Extreme
Mental Retardation – Low test scores and difficult adapting to normal life demands. Lower 2% of IQ Range, 30 points below average.
Down Syndrome – Retardation coupled with physical disabilities caused by extra copy of chromosome 21.
High Extreme
Giftedness – Upper 2% of the IQ Range, 30 points above average.
Sho
Yano
Played Mozart by age 4
Aced SAT at age 8
Graduated Loyola University with honors at age 12, and started Ph.D. and M.D. at age 13.Slide12
Savant Syndrome
Condition in which a person with limited mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as computation or drawing.Slide13
General Intelligence
Spearman’s General Intelligence (g) Factor – A general intelligence factor, that underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test.Slide14
Raymond Cattell’s
Crystallized and Fluid Intelligence
Crystallized Intelligence – The knowledge a person has acquired, plus the ability to access the knowledge.
Fluid Intelligence – the ability to see complex relationships and solve problems.Slide15
Robert Sternberg’s Triarchic
Theory
Practical Intelligence – The ability to cope with the environment.
AKA – “Street Smarts”Slide16
Robert Sternberg’s Triarchic
Theory
Analytical Intelligence – The ability measured by most IQ tests; includes the ability to analyze problems and find correct answers.Slide17
Robert Sternberg’s Triarchic
Theory
Creative Intelligence – The form of intelligence that helps people see new relationships among concepts; involves insight and creativity.Slide18
Sternberg’s Multiple Intelligences
Analytical (academic problem-solving) Intelligence
Creative Intelligence
Creativity – The ability to produce ideas that are both novel and valuable.
Practical Intelligence
8 year old selling gum on the streets of Tijuana, Mexico may have a high level of Practical Intelligence, and very little Analytical Intelligence.Slide19
Howard Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
Linguistic
Logical – Mathematical
Musical
Spatial
Bodily Kinesthetic
Intrapersonal (self)
Interpersonal (other people)
NaturalistSlide20
Bigger Brain = More Intelligence?
Many studies done.
No evidence to show consistent connections between brain size and intelligence.Slide21
Assessing Intelligence
Many different Intelligence Tests
IQ Tests:
Defined originally as the ratio of mental age to chronological age multiplied by 100.
Contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100.
Most intelligence test can be translated into IQ scores.Slide22
Factors that Influence Intelligence
Environment
School
Gender
Ethnicity
Heredity
Self Fulfilling Prophecies???
Eugenics???