INTELLIGENCE Compiled by – - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

INTELLIGENCE

Compiled by –

Dr.

Saroj

Sharma

Nagpal

, Associate Professor

Dept. of Psychology, P.G Govt. College, Sector-11,

Chd

.

PAPER - B

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY

UNIT –II

INTELLIGENCE

DEFINITIONS

WECHSLER

“Intelligence is the aggregate or global capacity of an individual to act purposefully, to think rationally ,and to deal effectively with his environment”

NEISSER et al.,(1996)

“The term intelligence refers to individuals’ abilities to understand complex ideas, to adapt effectively to the environment, to learn from experience ,to engage in various forms of reasoning , to overcome obstacles by careful thought.”

ROBERT STERNBERG(1997)”

Intelligence comprises the mental abilities necessary for adaptation to , as well as shaping and selection of, any environment context.”

THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE

SPEARMAN’S - TWO FACTOR THEORY

Charles Spearman

(1927) proposed a

“two factor theory”

of intelligence. According to him ,intelligence consists of

General(‘g’)

and

Specific (‘s’)

factors. This theory maintained that all intellectual activities share a single common factor, called ‘g’. Characterized as mental energy ‘g’ is considered responsible for relationships between different human activities. Positive correlations between any two factors were attributed to ‘g’ factor.

THURSTONE’S-PRIMARY MENTAL ABILITIES

Louis

Thurstone

(1938)

advanced the

“Theory of Primary Mental Abilities”

which states that intelligence consists of seven major factors, each of which is relatively independent of the others. These factors are :

Verbal Comprehension , Verbal Fluency, Inductive Reasoning ,Spatial Visualization ,Number , Memory ,

and

Perceptual Speed.

GUILFORD’S S -O- I Model

On the basis of more than two decades of factor analytic research ,

J.

P.Guilford

proposed o box-like model, which is known as

Structure - of - intellect Model

. This theory

organises

intellectual traits along three dimensions :

Operations

–what the respondent does ,

Contents

-the nature of the materials or information on which operations are performed, and

Products

-the form in which information is processed by the respondents .Guilford’s classification includes

6*5*5 categories

, resulting into

150 cells

in the model .In each cell

atleast

one factor or ability is expected ; some cells may contain more than one factor.

CATTELL’S gf-gc

Theory

Raymond

Cattell

(1971)

proposed that there are two ‘g’ factors,

gf

(for

fluid intelligence

) and

‘

gc

’ (

for

crystallised

intelligence

).

Fluid intelligence includes the ability to think creatively , to reason abstractly, to make inferences from data, and to understand relationships. It is strongly influenced by heredity.

Crystallised

intelligence includes what a person learns and retains from experience; so it is strongly influenced by

environment.Tests

of vocabulary and general information can be used to measure

crystallised

intelligence.

It has been found that fluid intelligence tends to decline at an early age than

crystallised

intelligence though both show rapid decline starting in the late seventies.

MEASUREMENT OF INTELLIGENCE

Individual and Group Tests

Verbal and Non-Verbal Tests

Individual and Group Tests

These Tests may be classified into different types depending upon their mode of administration and content

Individual Tests

are administered to one person at a time.

Eg

. Stanford-

Binet

and Wechsler scale

Group Tests

are administered on a large number of individuals at one time.

Verbal and Non-Verbal Tests

A

Verbal Test

demands understanding of written words, therefore such tests can be administered to literates

Non-Verbal Tests

use pictures or illustrations as items e.g. Raven’s Progressive Matrices,

Koh’s

Block Design Test.

Concept of I.Q

The term Intelligence Quotient (IQ) was devised in

1912 by

William Stern. IQ

refers to a child’s mental

age divided by chronological age and multiplied by

100 :

IQ =MA/CA*100

Uses of Intelligence Tests

For the purpose of selection

For the purpose of Classification

For the purpose of promotion

For knowing one’s potentiality

For diagnostic purpose

Helps in Research Work

THANKS