Chapter 4 Slavery divides the nation North and South enter a long and destructive civil war that ends slavery African Americans briefly enjoy full civil rights but new laws discriminate against them ID: 363576
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Slide1
The Union in PerilChapter 4
Slavery divides the nation. North and South enter a long and destructive civil war that ends slavery. African Americans briefly enjoy full civil rights, but new laws discriminate against them.
Summary:
SECTION 1
SECTION 2
SECTION 3
SECTION 4
The Divisive Politics of Slavery
The Civil War Begins
The North Takes Charge
Reconstruction and Its EffectsSlide2
The Divisive Politics of Slavery (4.1)
North
Industrialized North does not depend on slavery
North’s opposition to slavery intensifies, tries to stop its spread
South
Southern plantation economy relies on enslaved labor
South tries to spread slavery in West
2
Differences Between North and South
Controversy over Slavery Worsens
Objective: Identify differences between the North & the SouthSlide3
The Divisive Politics of Slavery (4.1)
Northern States
Massachusetts was first colony established in the North
Liberal religious views
Economy is based on Industry (manufacturing)
Southern States
Virginia was the first colony established in the South
Conservative religious viewsEconomy is based on agriculture (slavery)
3
Differences Between North and South
Objective: Identify differences between the North & the SouthSlide4
The Divisive Politics of Slavery (4.1)
Objective: Identify differences between the North & the South4
Differences Between North and South
Controversy over Slavery
Worsens
•
The peculiar institution got worse as new states were admitted into the Union
Pro-Slavery government leaders wanted the new states to be slave statesAnti-Slavery government leaders wanted the new states to be non-slave statesSlide5
The Divisive Politics of Slavery (4.1)
Objective: Identify differences between the North & the South5
Slavery in the Territories
Statehood for
California
• California applies for statehood as free state in 1849; angers South
The Compromise of 1850
• Slave state Texas claims eastern half of New Mexico Territory• Southern states threaten secession—withdrawal from Union
• Compromise of 1850 has provisions for both sides• California becomes free state; tougher fugitive slave law enacted• Popular sovereignty, or vote, decides slavery issue in NM, UtahSlide6
The Divisive Politics of Slavery (4.1)
Objective: Identify differences between the North & the South6
Slavery in the TerritoriesSlide7
The Divisive Politics of Slavery (4.1)
When states apply for statehood, they have to create a constitution where people decide on the type of government. This is called popular sovereignty
In the United States of America, what is more important?The States? or
The Nation?
Objective: Identify differences between the North & the South
7
Slavery in the Territories cont.Slide8
The Divisive Politics of Slavery (4.1)
Objective: Identify differences between the North & the South8
Slavery in the Territories
cont.Slide9
The Divisive Politics of Slavery (4.1)
Objective: Describe the operation of the Underground Railroad& other forms of protest against slavery
9
Protest, Resistance, and Violence
Fugitive Slave Act
• Slaves denied trial by jury; helpers fined and imprisoned
• Northerners defy Act, help send slaves to safety in Canada
The Underground Railroad• Abolitionists develop Underground Railroad
—escape routes from South• Harriet Tubman is conductor on 19 trips to free African Americans
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
• Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe increases protestsSlide10
The Divisive Politics of Slavery (4.1)
Objective: Describe the operation of the Underground Railroad& other forms of protest against slavery
10
Protest, Resistance, and ViolenceSlide11
The Divisive Politics of Slavery (4.1)
Objective: Describe the operation of the Underground Railroad& other forms of protest against slavery
11
Protest, Resistance, and Violence cont.
Tension in Kansas and Nebraska
• Kansas, Nebraska territories north of 36
30’ line, closed to slavery
• 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act allows popular sovereignty on slavery“Bleeding Kansas”
• Proslavery settlers from Missouri cross border to vote in Kansas • Fraudulent victory leads to violent struggle over slavery in Kansas
Violence in the Senate
• Charles Sumner verbally attacks slavery, singles out Andrew ButlerPreston S. Brooks, Butler’s nephew, assaults Sumner on Senate floorSlide12
The Divisive Politics of Slavery (4.1)
Objective: Explain the political conditions that gave rise to theRepublican Party & divided the Whigs
12
New Political Parties Emerge
Slavery Divides Whigs
Democrat
Franklin Pierce elected president in 1852Northern, Southern Whigs split over slavery in territories
Nativists Know-Nothings also split by region over slavery
The Free-Soilers’ VoiceFree-Soilers
fear slavery will drive down wages of white workers
The New Republican PartyRepublican Party forms in 1854; oppose slavery in territories
Democrat James Buchanan elected president (1856); secession avertedSlide13
The Divisive Politics of Slavery (4.1)
Objective: Describe the conflicts that led to secession13
Conflicts Lead to Secession
The
Dred
Scott Decision
• Dred Scott, a slave taken to free territory by owner, claims freedomSupreme Court denies appeal; Scott has no legal rights, not a citizen
North angry; South reads ruling as guaranteed extension of slavery
Lincoln-Douglas Debates1858 Senate race between Senator Stephen Douglas and Abraham Lincoln
Douglas wants popular sovereignty to decide if state is free or slaveLincoln considers slavery immoral; wants constitutional amendmentSlide14
The Divisive Politics of Slavery (4.1)
Objective: Describe the conflicts that led to secession14
Conflicts Lead to Secession
cont.
Harper’s Ferry
John Brown leads group to arsenal to start slave uprising (1859)
Troops put down rebellion; Brown is tried, executed
Southern Secession7 states secede after Lincoln’s victory; form
Confederacy in 1861Former senator Jefferson Davis elected president of Confederacy
Lincoln Is Elected President
1860, Lincoln beats 3 candidates, wins no southern electoral votesSlide15
The Civil War Begins (4.2)
Objective: Analyze the Strengths of both sides at the beginning of the Civil War
15
Union & Confederate Forces Clash
Southern States Take
Sides
1861, Fort Sumter in Charleston falls; Lincoln calls for volunteers
4 more slave states join Confederacy
Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri remain in UnionSlide16
The Civil War Begins (4.2)
Northern Strengths
More People
Factories
Food Production
Southern Strengths
CottonOutstanding GeneralsMotivated Soldiers
Objective: Identify differences between the North & the South16
Strengths
Union & Confederate Forces Clash
Strategies
Union
plan: blockade ports, split South in two, capture
RichmondConfederacy plan: hold out until the people in the North get tired of fightingSlide17
The Civil War Begins (4.2)
Objective: Analyze the Strengths of both sides at the beginning of the Civil War
17
Union & Confederate Forces Clash cont.
Bull Run
•
Bull Run—first battle, near Washington; Confederate victory Thomas J. Jackson called Stonewall Jackson
for firm stand in battle
Union Armies in the West
• Ulysses S. Grant
pushes south; captures forts, wins at ShilohDavid G. Farragut takes New Orleans, the Confederacy’s busiest portSlide18
The Civil War Begins (4.2)
Objective: Analyze the Strengths of both sides at the beginning of the Civil War
18
Union & Confederate Forces Clash cont.
The War for the Capitals
•
Robert E. Lee takes command of Confederate Army in 1862: - drives General George McClellan from Richmond
- loses at Antietam, bloodiest one-day battle
McClellan removed from command, lets battered Confederates withdrawSlide19
The Civil War Begins (4.2)
Objective: Identify the key political issues that affected the conduct of the war
19
The Politics of War
Britain Remains Neutral
• Britain does not need cotton, does need Northern goods
Proclaiming Emancipation•
Emancipation Proclamation empowers army to free Confederate slaves• Gives soldiers moral purpose; compromise no longer possible
Both Sides Face Political Dissent• Lincoln, Davis suspend habeas corpus to suppress disloyalty, dissentSlide20
The Civil War Begins (4.2)
Objective: Describe aspects of military & civilian life during wartime
20
Life During Wartime
War Leads to Social Upheaval
• Casualties, desertions lead to conscription on
both sides• Conscription—draft that forces men to enlist; leads
to draft riotsAfrican Americans Fight for Freedom
• African Americans are 1% of North’s population, 10% of army• Serve in separate regiments, paid less than whites for most of war
Soldiers Suffer on Both Sides• Soldiers often sick from camp filth, limited diet, poor
medical care• Prisons overcrowded, unsanitary; many die of malnutrition, diseaseSlide21
The Civil War Begins (4.2)
Objective: Describe aspects of military & civilian life during wartime
21
Life During Wartime cont.
Women Work to Improve Conditions
Thousands of women serve as nurses for
both sidesUnion nurse Clara Barton
later founds American Red Cross
The War Affects Regional EconomiesConfederacy faces food shortage, increased prices, inflationUnion army’s need for supplies supports
Northern industryNorth’s standard of living declinesCongress enacts
income tax (percentage of income) to pay for war Slide22
The North Takes Charge (4.3)
Objective: Explain how decisive battles, such as Gettysburg & Vicksburg changed the tide of war
22
The Tide Turns
Southern Victories
December 1862, Fredericksburg; May 1863, ChancellorsvilleSlide23
The North Takes Charge (4.3)
Objective: Explain how decisive battles, such as Gettysburg & Vicksburg changed the tide of war
23
The Tide Turns cont.
The Battle of Gettysburg
North wins decisive three-day battle of
Gettysburg,
July 1863Total casualties were more than 30%; South demoralized
The Gettysburg Address
Nov. 1863, Lincoln gives Gettysburg Address at cemetery dedication
Speech helps country realize it is a unified nationSlide24
The North Takes Charge (4.3)
Objective: Explain how decisive battles, such as Gettysburg & Vicksburg changed the tide of war
24
The Tide Turns cont.
Grant Wins at Vicksburg
May-July 1863, Grant sieges
Vicksburg after unsuccessful attacksSlide25
The North Takes Charge (4.3)
Objective: Describe instances of total war waged by Grant & Sherman
25
The Confederacy Wears Down
Confederates Seek Peace
Confederacy no longer able to attack; works
toward armisticeSouthern newspapers, legislators, public call for peace
Total War
Lincoln appoints Grant commander of all Union Armies (1864)Grant appoints William Tecumseh Sherman as
Western commander Grant, Sherman wage total war to destroy South’s will to fightGrant’s strategy to decimate Lee’s army while Sherman raids GeorgiaSlide26
The North Takes Charge (4.3)
Objective: Describe instances of total war waged by Grant & Sherman
26
The Confederacy Wears Down cont.
Sherman’s March
Spring 1864, Sherman creates a path of destruction through Georgia
The Election of 1864
Lincoln’s unexpected reelection helped by Sherman’s victoriesSlide27
The North Takes Charge (4.3)
Objective: Describe instances of total war waged by Grant & Sherman
27
The Confederacy Wears Down cont.
The Surrender at
Appomatox
April 1865, Grant, Lee sign surrender at
Appomatox Court House
Within a month, all remaining Confederate resistance collapsesSlide28
The North Takes Charge (4.3)
Objective: Explain how the war changed the nation & people’s lives
28
The War Changes the Nation
Human Cost of the War
Approximately 360,000 Union and 260,000 Confederate soldiers die
Political and Economic Changes
Civil War increases power, authority of federal governmentSouthern economy shattered: industry, farmlands destroyedSlide29
The North Takes Charge (4.3)
Objective: Explain how the war changed the nation & people’s lives
29
The War Changes the Nation cont.
A Revolution in Warfare
Developments in military technology make fighting more deadly
Ironclad ships change naval warfareSlide30
The North Takes Charge (4.3)
Objective: Explain how the war changed the nation & people’s lives
30
The War Changes Lives
The Thirteenth Amendment
•
Thirteenth Amendment bans slavery in all states
Lincoln Is AssassinatedApril 14, 1865, Lincoln is shot at Ford’s TheaterAssassin
John Wilkes Booth escapes, trapped by Union cavalry, shot7 million people pay respects to Lincoln’s funeral trainSlide31
Reconstruction & Its Effects (4.4)
Objective: Describe various Reconstruction plans & analyze the politicalconsequences of the plans
31
The Politics of Reconstruction
Building a New South
•
Freedmen’s Bureau provides social services, medical care, education•
Reconstruction—U.S. rebuilds, readmits South into Union (1865–1877)
Lincoln’s Plan• State readmitted if 10% of 1860 voters swear allegiance to Union • Radical Republicans consider plan too lenient:
- want to destroy political power of former slaveholders - want full citizenship and suffrage for African AmericansSlide32
Reconstruction & Its Effects (4.4)
Objective: Describe various Reconstruction plans & analyze the politicalconsequences of the plans
32
The Politics of Reconstruction
cont.
Johnson’s Plan for Reconstruction
• Andrew Johnson, Lincoln’s successor, forms own plan
• Excludes Confederate leaders, wealthy landowners• Congress rejects new Southern governments, congressmen
Congressional Reconstruction• Congress passes Civil Rights Act, Freedmen’s Bureau Act (1866)• Fourteenth Amendment
grants full citizenship to African Americans• Reconstruction Act of 1867 divides Confederacy into districtsSlide33
Reconstruction & Its Effects (4.4)
Objective: Describe various Reconstruction plans & analyze the politicalconsequences of the plans
33
The Politics of Reconstruction
cont.
Johnson Impeached
• House impeaches for blocking Reconstruction; Senate does not convict
U. S. Grant Elected• Grant elected president in 1868; wins 9 of 10 African-American votes• Fifteenth Amendment
protects voting rights of African AmericansSlide34
Reconstruction & Its Effects (4.4)
Objective: Describe how Reconstruction affected life in the South for white Southerners & former slaves
34
Reconstructing Society
Conditions in the Postwar South
• By 1870, all former Confederate states have rejoined Union
• Republican governments begin public works programs, social services
Politics in the Postwar South• Scalawags—farmers who joined Republicans, want to improve position
• Carpetbaggers—Northern Republicans, moved to the South after the war• Many Southern whites reject higher status, equal rights for blacksSlide35
Reconstruction & Its Effects (4.4)
Objective: Describe how Reconstruction affected life in the South for white Southerners & former slaves
35
Reconstructing Society
cont.
Former Slaves Improve Their Lives
• Freedmen found own churches; ministers become community leaders• Republican governments, church groups found schools, universities
• Thousands move to reunite with family, find jobs
Sharecropping and Tenant Farming• Sharecropping—to farm land owned by another, keep only part of crops
• Tenant farmers rent land from owner
African Americans in Reconstruction• Few black officeholders;
Hiram Revels is first black senatorSlide36
Reconstruction & Its Effects (4.4)
Objective: Explain the reasons for the end of Reconstruction
36
The Collapse of Reconstruction
The Collapse of Reconstruction
• Ku Klux Klan—southern vigilante group, wants to: - destroy Republicans, aid planter class, repress African Americans - to achieve goals, KKK kills thousand of men, women, children
• Enforcement Acts of 1870, 1871 uphold federal power in South• In 1872, Amnesty Act passes, Freedmen’s Bureau expires
Support for Reconstruction FadesRepublicans splinter; panic of 1873 distracts North’s attention
Supreme Court rules against Radical Republican changesSlide37
Reconstruction & Its Effects (4.4)
Objective: Explain the reasons for the end of Reconstruction
37
The Collapse of Reconstruction cont.
Democrats “Redeem” the South
Democrats regain control as 1876 election deal ends Reconstruction