Photo source httpsbitly2Z2Rhj0 August 1947 India and Pakistan gain independence from the United Kingdom October 1947 The Maharaja King Hari Singh of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir accedes to India after tribal guerrillas backed by Pakistan invade the state ID: 775803
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Slide1
TIMELINE OF THE KASHMIR CONFLICT
Photo source: https://bit.ly/2Z2Rhj0
Slide2August 1947
: India and Pakistan gain independence from the United Kingdom.October 1947: The Maharaja (King), Hari Singh of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir accedes to India after tribal guerrillas backed by Pakistan invade the state. There are three regions of the state of Jammu and Kashmir: Jammu (majority Dogra Hindu), Kashmir (majority Kashmiri Muslim) and Ladakh (majority Tibetan Buddhist and Shia Muslims). However, the majority population of the state is Muslim. The secular-Muslim leader of Kashmir, Sheikh Abdullah who led the uprising against the Maharaja’s rule, never favored accession to Pakistan. He referred to Pakistan as the feudal state and stated that religious affinities alone should not determine the political alliances of the states (Behera 2006, 39)*. India controls 55%, Pakistan controls 30%, and China controls the remaining 15% of the area. * Behera, Navnita Chadha. Demystifying Kashmir. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2006.
Photo source: https://bit.ly/2Zn0mEv
Slide31948
: After India refers Kashmir issue to the UN Security Council, resolution 47 is passed which calls for Pakistan to withdraw its troops, India to reduce its troops to minimum, and plans for a plebiscite. October 1949: Article 370 of the Indian constitution grants autonomy to Jammu and Kashmir, with India responsible for defense, foreign affairs, and communications. August 1953: Sheikh Abdullah is imprisoned after he begins exploring the idea of independent Kashmir. He wanted the state to have a separate army and a constituent assembly which would be a sovereign body independent of the Indian constitution. 1962: China defeats India in the war over Aksai Chin, a desolate region which India considers to be part of Jammu and Kashmir.
Sheikh Abdullah in 1964
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Slide41965
: Pakistan wages war over Kashmir with India. The war ends in a ceasefire.1971-72: India-Pakistan war results in the defeat of Pakistan and creation of Bangladesh. Simla Agreement calls for both sides to settle their differences through negotiations. 1974: Sheikh Abdullah reconciles with the Indian government and becomes state’s Chief Minister in the free and fair election of 1977. The previous three elections were wrought with election malpractices. 1982: After Sheikh Abdullah’s death, his son becomes the state’s Chief Minister. The Abdullah family still heads National Conference, a political party founded by Sheikh Abdullah.
Pakistan’s President, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (left) and Indian Prime
Minister, Indira Gandhi (right) signing the
Simla
Agreement in 1972.
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Slide51987:
Riots break out in Kashmir after the National Conference-Congress alliance is accused of rigging the elections. Many candidates of the Muslim United Front, a coalition of Islamic groups crossed the porous Indo-Pak border and joined the extremist groups. The leadership of the insurgency in the 1990s would come from some of these contestants.1999: India-Pakistan war after Pakistan-backed militants occupy hills in Kargil district of Indian administered Kashmir.2001: 38 people are killed after three fidayeen suicide bombers belonging to Pakistan-based terrorist group, Jaish-e-Mohammed attack the Jammu and Kashmir state legislative assembly in Srinagar.
Kargil in 1999
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Slide62008:
Protests in Jammu and Srinagar after the government agrees to transfer land to a Hindu religious board, Amarnathji Shrine Board in Kashmir. Several people are killed in more than month-long demonstrations.2010: Major protests in Kashmir after a tear gas shell kills a young Kashmiri, Tufail Ahmad Mattoo in Srinagar.July-August 2016: Violent clashes and an indefinite curfew is imposed in Kashmir after Burhan Wani, a popular militant of the Hizbul Mujahideen group is killed by the Indian security forces. 68 civilians and 2 security officials die in these demonstrations.
Clashes between protestors and Indian security forces in 2016
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Slide7August 2019:
Indian government revokes Article 370 of the Indian constitution, which granted autonomy to Jammu and Kashmir (J&K). Article 35A, which allows the state’s permanent residents the right to own the property is also revoked. The implication is that people from outside Jammu and Kashmir can now own property. The government also changed Jammu and Kashmir’s status to that of the union territory. Ladakh region in the state of J&K also becomes a separate union territory. Union territories are more directly controlled by the federal government. J&K’s autonomy was so greatly diluted by the successive governments that presently 260 of 395 Indian constitutional articles apply to the state.
Amit Shah, Home Minister makes announcement regarding Article 370 in Rajya Sabha, Upper House of the Parliament on August 5, 2019.