HI136 History of Germany Lecture 2 Danish war 1964 AustroPrussian war 1866 FrancoPrussian war 187071 Three wars of German unification The FrancoPrussian War 187071 primacy of domestic policy ID: 202458
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Slide1
Bismarck’s Germany
HI136, History of Germany
Lecture 2Slide2
The Franco-Prussian War (1870-71): primacy of domestic policy
War with France created an huge upsurge in German national feeling – popular pressure in the South German states to transform the wartime alliance into a permanent union.
18 January 1871: Bismarck has the German Empire proclaimed in the Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles.
Germany UnitedSlide3
The architects of German Unification – Bismarck (left) with General Albrecht von
Roon
(centre) and Field Marshal
Helmuth von Moltke
(right).Slide4
Bismarck in his own words:“We are not in this world in order to be happy or to enjoy ourselves, but rather to fulfill our duty.”
(1851, in a latter to his wife Johanna)
“Politics is the art of the possible” (1867)Slide5
Otto von Bismarck (1815-98)
Born in
Sch
önhausen in Brandenburg, the son of a Pomeranian Junker.Educated at Göttingen University.
1836: Entered the Prussian civil service.
1839: Retired from the civil service to manage the family estates.
1849: Elected as an ultra-conservative member of the Prussian
Landtag
.
1851: Joined the Prussian diplomatic corps, serving as Prussian representative to the Federal
Diet
and then ambassador to Russia and France.1862: Appointed Prussian Minister-President.1867: Became Chancellor of the North German Confederation.1871-90: Chancellor of the German Empire.Slide6
The ‘mad Junker’?Junker – a corruption of Junger Herr
(Young Sir): the title given to Prussian landowners east of the River Elbe. Closely associated with Conservative politics in the 19
th
century.The ‘White Revolutionary’?Realpolitik – ‘a system of politics or principles based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations.’ (OED).German Nationalist or Prussian Patriot?The ‘Bismarck Myth’Slide7
River ElbeSlide8
The Constitution of
the German Empire
Reich
Government
The Chancellor (
Reichskanzler
)
The ‘highest official in the Reich’
Also Minister-President of Prussia
Responsible to the Emperor, not parliament
Chairman of the
Bundesrat
Appointed government ministers
Could ignore resolutions passed by the
Reichstag
The Emperor (
Kaiser
)
Always the King of Prussia
Could appoint/dismiss the Chancellor
Could dissolve the Reichstag Could make treaties/declare war Commander-in-Chief of the army Had to approve all federal laws Possessed the right to interpret the constitution
Bundesrat (upper house) The Federal Council Made up of 58 members nominated by states Not directly elected Consent required in passing new laws 14 votes needed to veto legislation Prussia had 17 of the 58 seats Bavaria had 6, the other states had 1 each
Reichstag (lower house) The National parliament Elected by all males over 25 Limited powers to initiate new legislation Government ministers could not be members Members were not paid Could approve or reject the federal budget Elections normally held every 5 years
FederalCentralised government with specific Responsibilities for the Reich as a whole(foreign policy, defence, customs etc.)
StateRegional government with responsibilitiesFor individual states (education, direct Taxation, health, local justice etc.)Slide9
Five parties dominating the Reichstag until 1918: conservatives, Centrum, national liberals, SDP, and Radicals (Liberals, German Progress Party). Even after unification many
Germans had difficulty in identifying with the new
state:
Liberals – increasingly conscious that Bismarck’s Empire was not the united Germany they had desired for so long.Conservatives – who remained un-reconciled to the idea of a united Germany.Workers’ Movement ( SPD) felt that unification had done little to improve their lot and that the system had been deliberately designed to prevent them achieving their goals.
The emergence of German identitySlide10
The
Niederwald
‘Germania’ Monument (1885) The Teutoburger Wald Monument (1875)Slide11
Statue of Bismarck in the
Gro
ßer
Stern in Berlin (1901)Slide12
PolesDanesAlsatiansOther Germans (Bavarians/Hanovarians)
Jews
Enemies Within: ‘Minorities’Slide13
1870: The doctrine of Papal Infallibility published.1872: Catholic schools brought under state control. The Jesuit Order banned from Germany.1873: The ‘May Laws’Only candidates for ordination who had been trained in Germany and passed a state approved examination could become
priests;
religious appointments had to be approved by the state.1874: Civil marriage introduced.1875: All religious orders except nursing orders banned.1878-80: End of the Kulturkampf – Dr Falk dismissed and some of the anti-Catholic laws repealed.
The
Kulturkampf
(Struggle of Civilizations)Slide14
1869: August Bebel and Wilhelm Liebknecht form the Marxist Social Democratic Workers’ Party.1875: This merges with Ferdinand Lassale’s General German Workers’ Association to form the Social Democratic Party of Germany (
Sozialdemokratische
Partei Deutschlands, SPD) at a ‘Unity Conference’ in Gotha.The party’s ‘Gotha Programme’ called for “universal, direct, equal suffrage, with secret ballot and obligatory voting for all citizens over 20 years of age”freedom of press, association and assembly
the abolition of child & female labour
a shorter working week
free, universal primary education
While the SPD was an avowedly Marxist party, pledged to overthrow the established bourgeois order, they were committed to doing so through legal means.
The Development of the SPDSlide15
1883: Sickness Insurance ActProvided medical treatment and up to 13 weeks sick pay for 3 million low-paid workers. 1884: Accident Insurance ActProvided protection for workers permanently disabled or sick for more than 13 weeks.1889: Old Age & Disability Act
Provided old age and disability pensions for people over 70 and those permanently disabled.
State SocialismSlide16
Anti-Socialist Legislation
Bismarck was fundamentally opposed to Socialism – they represented a threat to the very fabric of the society he sought to preserve.
1876: Legislation banning the publication of Socialist propaganda defeated in the Reichstag.
1878: Two failed assassination attempts on Wilhelm I provide an opportunity to introduce anti-Socialist legislation.Oct 1878: The Anti-Socialist Law passed by the Reichstag. This
Banned socialist organizations (including trade unions)
Gave the police powers to break up socialist meetings
Outlawed the publication and distribution of socialist literatureSlide17
Key points of Bismarck’s foreign policy
Always keep France isolated
Stay friends with at least three out of the European great powers
Therefore various treaties: with Austria-Hungary (1879, Dual Alliance); with Russia (1887, secret Reinsurance Treaty); with Italy (1882, Triple Alliance – joined with AH)Colonies: ambivalent and changing; first for, later against; hosted in 1884 the Berlin conferenceIn light of his successors, OB was a very successful & strategical diplomatSlide18
1888 – The Year of Three Emperors
Wilhelm I (1861-88)
Friedrich III (1888)
Wilhelm
II (1888-1918)Slide19
“Dropping
the
Pilot?”
Bismarck and Wilhelm disagreed over the need to retain close links with Russia.They clashed over social policy and the Anti-Socialist Law.In March 1890 Bismarck and Wilhelm quarrelled over ministers access to the monarch.
Wilhelm gave Bismarck an ultimatum: resign or be dismissed. The next day Bismarck
resigned.Slide20
Assessment
Bismarck’s admirers
He maintained peace between 1871 and 1890
His policies helped Germany’s economic developmentHe pioneered state socialismIn the 1870s he worked closely with the National Liberals and implemented many liberal policiesHe was not a dictator – his powers were limited and he worked with the parties in the Reichstag
His long tenure in power points to his political skill
Bismarck’s
critics
He was responsible for France remaining isolated and embittered
His influence has been exaggerated
“Negative integration” – using attacks on minorities to whip up patriotism
The
Kulturkampf
was a major miscalculation
His anti-socialist policies were unsuccessful
He was unable to delegate and jealous of perceived rivals
A flawed legacy – Bismarck’s rule led to
Wilhemine
& Nazi Germany