choreographer to be more creative. Introduction The design process o - PDF document

choreographer to be more creative. Introduction The design process of ÔmakingÕ a modern choreographic work offers insight into two creative processes much in need of understanding. 1. Distributed creativity: the mechanisms by which team members harness resources to interactively in-vent new concepts and elements, and then structure things into a coherent product; 2. Embodied cognition: the mechanisms by which crea-tive subjects think non-propositionally, using parts of their own sensory systems as simulation systems, and in the case of dancers, using their own (and otherÕs) bodies as active tools for physical sketching. The close study of both of these processes bears di-rectly on the goal of developing new theoretical models of creativity. It relocates creativity from a within-the-mind sources and other people; and it recognizes the importance that bodies and sensori-motor systems Ð both non sustain long term creativity? Typical brainstorming sessions can be successful for a few hours, or occ study of video and having dancers mark for specific pur-poses, we began to look for behavioral indicators of differ-ent types of marking, (3). We found for instance that mark-ing is very different when its goal is to coordinate grips in duets and when its goal is to help a dancer consolidate a movement just taught. The longer we work on our corpus or a violinist uses the sound emanating from his violin as a cognitive medium. Just as an artist or musi-cian develops a close coupling with their tools Ð pencil and paper for the artist, violin for the violinist Ð so a dancer chanics of the body front and central in the generation of dancerly movement. might ask them to imagine that their bones are made of firm rubber, or that they should imagine the feel-ing of being attacked. Their task is to translate those feel-ings into movements. One reason thought to explain how a subject can imbue meaning to the actions that someone else performs. By personally simu-lating in their own motor or visual cortex, the planning and other processes related to executing those actions them-selves (7) they understand what it is like to perform that action. Thus, when subjects see another person pouring a cup of tea, their brains respond by activating many of the same parts of cortex as would be activated were they pour-ing tea themselves. Some psychologists have argued that fainter versions of thesame activations occur whenever a subject understands a sentence about pouring tea, and that this activation is what grounds much linguistic understand-ing. (8) In dance, the tenets of embodied cognition may explain they use different body parts. For example, they might start with their elbow, continue the contour line with their head, then move to their hip or foot. This process involves several modalities different parts of the contour the feeling in physically, through their bodily form; ¥ using sensory systems as non-propositional systems to think in Ð dancers donÕt think in words or through a small opening but harder to imagine what it might feel like to enter a self healing sphere, where you use your hands to open a hole and then step in and seal it up. sounds one way when played on a violin may sound quite another way when played on a tuba. Each instrument may stimulate the composer to notice new aspects of his original ÔgermÕ idea, or to derive new associations, or to ÔinferÕ new ideas. Each encoding is situated in a different energy landscape of closeness. Ironically, the special power of embodied thinking in dance, then, is the power of representation everywhere. If an ÔideaÕ can be encoded in one representational system easily, or worked out easily there, it can then be translated into another representational system where it might have been difficult to discover initially. O hard to solve in classical geometric representations, but once translated into an algebraic representation it is easy. Once solved algebraically it can be translated back to geometry. This is the huge power of representational systems. Each representational systen operates with its own metric of inferential distance. Two ideas that are close in one may be distant in another and vice versa. A graphical account of this basic idea is shown in figure primed whenever states that lead to them are activated. Because our senses encode different aspects of the world each is informative, and contains bits of information the others do not. Hence each sensory system supports differ-ent priming pathways. Events that seem ÔnaturalÕ or obvi-ous in one sensory system may seem unnatural or com-pletely unobvious in another. We can think of this on analogy with numerical representational systems. To de-cide whether the number 30,163 is divisible-by-7 takes some computation. In the base 7, however, 30,163 is repre-sented as 153,640, and here it is completely obvious that it is divisible-by-7, just as it is obvious that 97,230 in base 10 is divisible dancer may immediately recog-nize graceful movements. What feels graceful, however, may not always look graceful, since the encoding of a movement in the visual system is so different than its so-mato-sensory encoding. This is even more obvious when we consider impossible movements. What the motor sy believe that when a dancer visualizes an object Ð say a rep-tile slithering around a chair Ð and then transforms the vis-ual experience into a movement they are first trying to draw creative insight from a visual solution before moving to a bodily solution. They visually imagine themselves slithering before feeling themselves moving and then final-ly moving. They transform between sensory media. Multi-modal translation The choreographer relies heavily on this sort of modality translation to stimulate movement ideas in his dancers. He does this in two ways. First, he personally uses a broad range of modalities to communicate with his dancers Ð modalities to direct or guide them. Second, he assigns them ÔchoreographicÕ tasks that require imagining scenarios or processes and then translating these into interesting move-ment. We have already sonification, as a vehicle for shaping movement. We observed WM sometimes ÔsayingÕ things like ÒYah ooh ehhÓ to communicate the shape of a mov