English 103 - PowerPoint Presentation

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Critical Thinking thru Battles for Independence Table of Contents 1 The West Indies 2 Oppression Jamaica and Linton Kwesi Johnson 3 Revolt and Revolution US Mumia Abu Jamal and KRSONE ID: 514737

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Slide1

English 103

Critical Thinking thru Battles for IndependenceSlide2

Table of Contents

1. The West Indies2.

Oppression

Jamaica and Linton

Kwesi

Johnson

Revolt and Revolution

U.S.,

Mumia

Abu Jamal, and KRS-ONE

Freedom and Independence

Bob Marley and Peter Tosh

New Identity

Barbados and George LammingSlide3

The West IndiesSlide4

The West Indies

The West Indies are a crescent-shaped group of islands more than 2,000 miles long separating the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea from the Atlantic OceanSlide5

Geography of the West Indies

The Greater Antilles

: Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, Dominican Republic, and Puerto Rico

The Lesser Antilles

: Virgin Islands, Anguilla, Saint Kitts, Nevis, Antigua, Barbuda, Barbados, Grenada, Montserrat, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, Saint Lucia

, and

Saint

Vincent and

the Grenadines

Isolated Island Groups

: The Bahamas, Turks and Caicos Islands, Trinidad and Tobago, Aruba, Curacao, and BonaireSlide6

Population and Ethnicity

Mostly, the population descended from African slaves (76.3%) or from Spanish, French, British, or Dutch colonistsSlide7

Major Languages

1. Dutch

2. English

3. French

4. French Creole

5. Haitian Creole

6. Papiamento

7. SpanishSlide8

Major Exports

1. Sugar

2. Bananas

3. Citrus

4. Cocoa

5. SpicesSlide9

OppressionSlide10

Definition of Oppression

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, “oppression” is defined

as a (1) “prolonged cruel or unjust treatment or control, (2) “the state of being subject to unjust treatment or control,” (3) “mental pressure or distress”

Types of Oppression

include: sexism, heterosexism, classism, racism, and colonialismSlide11

Current Examples of Oppression

Palestinians by IsraelitesGeorgians and Ukraine by the Russians

Tibetans by the Chinese

Countries oppressing their own people: Guinea, North Korea, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Uzbekistan, Sudan, and SyriaSlide12

Linton Kwesi JohnsonSlide13

JamaicaSlide14

Brief History of Jamaica

Claimed by Christopher Columbus (in the name of Spain) in 1494

In 1655 Jamaica was claimed by the English who established plantations and used slave laborSlide15

Brief History of Jamaica

Baptist preacher Samuel Sharpe led a somewhat peaceful revolution against the English

10-day Work Strike and Rebellion

500 slaves killed

In 1838 slavery in Jamaica was fully abolished (after 500 years)Slide16

Musical Genres in Jamaica

Reggae: developed in Jamaica in the 1960sMento

: calypso inspired folk music

Ska

: combines

mento

and calypso with American jazz and rhythm and bluesSlide17

Popular Musical Acts

Bob Marley

Peter Tosh

Toots & The

Maytals

Bunny Wailer

Linton

Kwesi

Johnson

Jimmy CliffSlide18

Jamaican Artists

Barrington Watson

Ras

Daniel Hartman

Ken Spencer

Cecil Cooper

Ebony G. Patterson

Laura

FaceySlide19

West Indian Immigration to England

Four Waves of Immigration to U.K.

. 1600s-1700s

B. After slavery 1800s

C. After the start of WWI: thousands of immigrants

D. After WWII: ¼ of a million immigrants (1955-1962)Slide20

West Indian Immigration

Sunder Katwala on Immigration from the West IndiesSlide21

Linton Kwesi Johnson

Jamaican, UK-based dub poet Linton

Kwesi

Johnson (1952-present)

Performs in Jamaican Patois

Emigrated to London in 1963

Once a member of the British Black Panther MovementSlide22

Excerpt from “Inglan is a Bitch”

“W’en

dem

’ you di

lickle

wage

packit

fus

dem

rab

wid

dem

big tax

rackit

y’u

haffi

struggle fi

mek

en’s meet, an’

w’en

y’u

goh

y’u

bed

y’u

jus’ can’t sleep.

Inglan

is a bitch,

dere’s

escapin

it.

Inglan

is a bitch, a hot lie mi a tell, a true.”

By Linton

Kwesi

JohnsonSlide23

Revolt and RevolutionSlide24

Definition of Revolution

1. A forcible overthrow of a government or social order in favor of a new system2. A dramatic and wide-reaching change in the way something works or is organized or in people’s thinking

3. An instance of revolvingSlide25

Selected Revolutions

Wars of Scottish Independence 1296-1328, 1332-1357

English Revolution 1642-1660

The

Fronde

(French civil wars

)

1648-1653

French Revolution 1789-1799

American Revolution

1765

1783

Nat Turner’s Rebellion 1831Slide26

The Haitian Revolution

Haiti was a French colony known as St.

Domingue

Sugar and Coffee plantations used slave labor

After American and French Revolutions, slaves rebelledSlide27

Haitian Revolution

The Haitian Revolution began August 22, 1791

Their

timing

was perfect. France, England, Spain, and Russia had been involved in a series of civil wars for the past 200 years. Furthermore, their oppressor France was in the middle of the French Revolution (1789-1799)Slide28

Leader of the Haitian Revolution

Unsatisfied with the leaders of the rebellion,

L’Ouverture

started his own, training his troops in guerrilla warfare

L’Ouverture

fought successfully against the French and Spanish for Haitian Independence (1791-1804)

Toussaint

L’OuvertureSlide29

The Haitian Revolution

PBS: Toussaint Louverture and the Haitian RevolutionSlide30

Revolutions in Europe (1848-1871)

24 Feb. 1848:

French Revolution

. Monarch King-Louie Philippe overthrown

March 1848:

Uprisings in Germany

March-June 1848:

Revolutions in Italy

“Tennis Court Oath” (1791)Slide31

Revolutions in Europe (1848-1871)

April 1848:

Revolutions in Vienna, Budapest, and Prague

1861-1865:

American Civil War

“Aurora Borealis” by Frederic Edwin Church (March 1865)Slide32

Picture Prompt Exercise

Explain what you think this picture means. How does Church’s

“Aurora Borealis”

relate to

the end of the American Civil War?Slide33

“Art and Revolution” by Wagner

A primary source (when we talk about the

research paper),

“Art and Revolution” by Richard Wagner (1849) claims,

“when all men cannot be free alike and happy—all men must suffer alike as slaves.”Slide34

“Letter from Birmingham Jail” by Dr. King

In his stirring “Letter from Birmingham Jail,” Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. states,

“injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.”Slide35

Make it Personal

Wagner argues, “when all men cannot be free alike and happy—all men must suffer alike as slaves.”King puts forth that

“injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere”

Select one of these quotes and write about a moment in your life that relates to either passageSlide36

Group Discussion

Break into groups of four or five and discuss your responses to the quotesSlide37

Individual Reflection

Now, take a few minutes to reflect on how that quote relates to the case you are studying for Essay 2Slide38

Mumia Abu JamalSlide39

Brief History of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Founded in 1682

Big Trading Port, especially for the West Indies

Abolished slavery in 1780

Philadelphia took in refugees from St.-

Domingue

(

Haiti

) and provided them political asylum during the revolution

Today, the city is 44.3% Black, 36.6% White, and 6.8% AsianSlide40

Mumia Abu Jamal

Author and radio journalist

Former member of the Black Panther Party

For a murder

many suggest he did not commit, Jamal has spent the last 30 plus years of his life in prison, mostly in solitary confinement on Pennsylvania’s Death RowSlide41

Mumia Abu Jamal

From Death Row: Mumia Abu JamalSlide42

Definition of Rap

“Deprivation and unequal opportunity nurtured the hopelessness, distrust, and early death depicted in Tupac Shakur’s lyrics. American urban centers in general and low-income minority communities in particular, are replete with poverty, police brutality, drug abuse, educational inequality, high dropout rates, and violence. A sense of powerlessness to change conditions grounded in complex social, political, and economic issues has led artists to seek ways to express their discontent.” Slide43

Definition of Rap

Chicago Tribune writer Dawn Turner Trice writes, “Rap began in the mid-1970s as a way for [B]lack, Hispanic, and Afro-Caribbean youths in New York City housing projects to rail against fatherlessness, unemployment, drugs, and police brutality” (“Rap Offers New Form to Old Tradition” 2014)Slide44

Definition of Rap

The Urban Dictionary defines “Hip Hop Music” as, “a style of music…[consisting] of two main components: rapping (

MCing

) and

Djing

(audio mixing and scratching)…music consists of intensely rhythmic lyrical form making abundant use of…assonance, alliteration, and rhyme”Slide45

Socially Conscious Rap Songs

Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five’s “The Message” (1982)

Public Enemy’s “Fight the Power” (1989)

2-Pac’s “Changes” (1998)

Immortal Technique’s “Harlem Streets” (2003)Slide46

KRS-ONESlide47

Brief History of the South Bronx, New York

KRS-ONE grew up at a time (1960s-1970s) when the South Bronx, once a thriving neighborhood, was overcome by crime, violence, drug-dealing, squatters, street gangs, the mentally ill, welfare housing, countless fires, and insurance fraud

Since the 1980s, the culture has revivedSlide48

KRS-ONE

Rapper, author, lecturer KRS-ONE or Lawrence Parker

(1965-present)

KRS-ONE stands for “knowledge reigns supreme over nearly everyone”

Debut album

Criminal Minded

(1987)Slide49

Excerpt from “Free Mumia”

“

Attackin

me will leave youth with no voices. The choice is yours not mine hang with me. I’ll have you freestyle and

bombin

graffiti…America was violent before rap, FACT. Warner, Elektra, Atlantic…Instead of fighting them why don’t you go free

Mumia

.”

By KRS-ONESlide50

Rap Exercise

Take a 10-15 minutes to work on a rap or poem about the case you are studying for Essay 2Slide51

Freedom and IndependenceSlide52

Definition of Independence

The Oxford English Dictionary defines “independence” (coined in 17th

century) as:

1. “Free from outside control; not depending on another’s authority”

2. “Self-governing”

3. “Not influenced or affected by others”

4. “Capable of thinking or acting for oneself”Slide53

Examples of Independence

Some Countries to Gain Independence from England

Afghanistan (1919), Antigua and Barbuda (1981), Bahamas (1973), Barbados (1966), Belize (1981), Ghana (1957), India (1947), Jamaica (1962), Nigeria (1960), Uganda (1962), and U.S. (1776)

Night before Barbados Gained IndependenceSlide54

Bob Marley

Jamaican Rastafarian reggae singer-songwriter and guitarist Bob Marley (1945-1981)

Bob Marley and Wailers (1963-1977)

Bob Marley continued a solo career until his death in 1981Slide55

“War”

Released in 1976

Credited to Wailers Allen Cole and Carlton Barrett, “War” was inspired by

Ethopian

Emperor President Haile Selassie’s address to the United Nations

(4 Oct. 1963)

“War” has been covered by Ben Harper,

Lauryn

Hill, Alicia Keys, and Sinead O’ConnorSlide56

Excerpt of Haile Selassie’s Speech

“Until the philosophy which holds one race superior and another inferior is finally and permanently discredited and abandoned: that until there are no longer first-class and second class citizens of any nation; that until the color of a man’s skin is of no more significance that the color of his eyes…We Africans will fight.”

To the United Nations (Oct. 4, 1963)Slide57

Excerpt of “War”

“Until the philosophy which holds one race superior and another inferior is finally and permanently discredited and abandoned. Everywhere is war-Me say war. That until there no longer first class and second class citizens of any nation, until the

colour

of a man’s skin is of no more significance than the

colour

of his eyes-Me say war.”

By Bob Marley and the WailersSlide58

Peter Tosh

Jamaican reggae guitarist Peter Tosh (1944-1987)

Bob Marley and the Wailers, etc. (1961-1976)

Peter Tosh solo career (1976-1987)Slide59

“Equal Rights”

Tosh released the album and song “Equal Rights” in 1977

The album features a collection of songs about African diaspora and Apartheid, like “Equal Rights,” “

Downpressor

Man,” and “Apartheid”Slide60

New IdentitySlide61

Definition of Identity

Dating back to the late 16th century (from Latin

identitas

and

idem

), “

identity

” is defined as:

1. “The fact of being who or what a person or thing is”

2. “A close similarity or affinity”Slide62

BarbadosSlide63

Brief History of Barbados

In 1200, it was settled by the

Carib

Indians

Settled around 1623 by Amerindians

1625-1644, the English colonized Barbados

Portuguese settled around 1846Slide64

Brief History of Barbados

Under the English, slavery began in 1627

First Slave Rebellion (1649)

Second Slave Rebellion (1675)

Over 100 slaves arrested and tortured; over 40 killed

Third Slave Rebellion (1692)

200 slaves arrested; over 90 executedSlide65

Brief History of Barbados

The

Bussa

Rebellion (1816)

Bussa

and Nanny

Grigg

planned it

Hours of striking

About 1,000 killed, another 214 executed

In 1825, the slaves of Barbados received some legal status

Independence (1834), but full independence was not achieved until about 1966Slide66

Musical Genres in Barbados

Calypso

Iron Band

Ragga-Soca

Reggae

Spouge

TukSlide67

Popular Musical Acts

The

Merrymen

Gabby

Irving

Burgie

Grynner

Spice and Company

Irving

BurgieSlide68

Barbadian Artists

Fielding Babb (water color/oil)

Annalee

Davis (visual artist)

Goldie

Spieler

(pottery)

Winston

Kellman

(landscapes)Slide69

Barbadian Authors

Kamau

Brathwaite

(novelist/playwright/poet/essayist)

Austin Clarke

(novelist/essayist)

Frank

Collymore

(editor/author/poet/painter/etc.)

George Lamming

(novelist/essayist/poet)

Geoffrey Drayton

(novelist/poet)

Paule

Marshall

(novelist)

Poet/Playwright

Derek Walcott

and

Frank

CollymoreSlide70

George LammingSlide71

George Lamming Bio.

Barbadian author George Lamming (1927-present)

Mentored by another famous Barbadian artist Frank

Collymore

First novel

In the Castle of my Skin

was published in 1953 and won the Somerset Maugham Award

Author of 7 books and winner of 10 literary awardsSlide72

In the Castle of my Skin

Lamming’s novel

In the Castle of my Skin

is a

bildungsroman

, or a coming of age story, that parallels the development of the main character G, his friends, their village, and their island home of Barbados. As the boys strive for self-awareness, the island around them engages in a strike and increased desire for independenceSlide73

In the Castle of my Skin: Themes

RaceClass

Gender

Colonialism

Exile

Independence

Community v Individual ConsciousnessSlide74

In the Castle of my Skin

: Point of View1. 3rd

Person Limited as “G”

2. 3

Person Limited as “Old Man” and “Old Woman”

3. OmniscientSlide75