Relationships Doing Thinking What is a Theory The term theory is used with surprising frequency in everyday language It is often used in to mean a guess or hunch You may even hear people dismiss certain information because it is only a theory as the colloquial use of th ID: 615260
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Slide1
How Does Knowledge Grow
Relationships – Doing - ThinkingSlide2
What is a Theory?
The term
theory
is used with surprising frequency in everyday language. It is often used in to mean a guess or hunch. You may even hear people dismiss certain information because it is "only a theory.” as the colloquial use of the term.
In science, a theory is not merely a guess.
A theory is a fact-based framework for describing a phenomenon.
In psychology, theories are used to provide a model for understanding human thoughts, emotions and behaviors.Slide3
Depending on Theorist – Explanation Emphasis
Will DifferSlide4
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs
Maslow presented the idea that human actions are directed toward goal attainment.
The lower level needs
must
be satisfied before higher-order needs can develop.
http://www.abraham-maslow.com/m_motivation/Hierarchy_of_Needs.aspSlide5Slide6
Esteem
Two levels:
The lower one is
the need for the respect of others
, the need for recognition, attention, reputation, appreciation, dignity, even dominance.
The higher form involves the
need for self-respect
, including such feelings as confidence, competence, achievement, mastery, independence, and freedom.
Note that this is the higher form because, unlike the
respect of others, once you have self-respect,
it’s a lot harder to lose!
Slide7
What do you need to reach
Self-Actualization
In order to be happy you need:
Truth
, rather than dishonesty.
Goodness
, rather than evil.
Beauty
, not ugliness or vulgarity.
Unity, wholeness, and transcendence of opposites
, not arbitrariness or forced choices.
Aliveness
, not deadness or the mechanization of life.
Uniqueness
, not bland uniformity.
Perfection and necessity
, not sloppiness, inconsistency, or accident.
Completion
, rather than incompleteness.
Justice and order
, not injustice and lawlessness.
Simplicity
, not unnecessary complexity.
Richness
, not environmental impoverishment.
Effortlessness
, not strain.
Playfulness
, not grim, humorless, drudgery.
Self-sufficiency
, not dependency.
Meaningfulness
, rather than senselessness.Slide8
EriksonPsychosocial Theory
Eight stages of social-emotional development across the life span
. Relevant to modern life, from several different perspectives, for understanding and explaining how personality and behavior develops in people.
Personality strengths or weaknesses are formed based on the resolution of the crisis during each stage,
one
acquires
new skills through conflict resolution.
Erikson's theory is useful for teaching, parenting, self-awareness, managing and coaching, dealing with conflict, and generally for understanding self and others. Slide9
Erikson
Stage
Life Stage
Relationship
Issues
Outcome + / -
Trust vs. Mistrust
Infant
(birth – 18 m)
Mother
or
Consistent Caregiver
Feeding, Being Comforted, Sleep,
Teething
+:
Hope, Drive
- : Withdrawal
Autonomy vs. Doubt
Toddler
(2
– 3 years)
Parents
Toileting,
Motor Devlop
+:
Self Control
- : Compulsive
Initiative vs. Guilt
Preschool
(4
– 5 years)
Family
Exploration
Adventure
play
+: Purpose
- :
Ruthlessness
Industry
vs. Inferiority
School Age
(6
-12 years
)
Teachers,
Friends, Neighborhood
Achievement
Accomplish
+:Competence
- : Lack
Interest
Identity vs.
Role Confusion
Adolescent
(12 -18 years)
Peers, Clubs
Discover
“Who Am I”
+: Devotion
- : Denial
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Young
Adult
(18 – 35 years)
Partner,
friends, Coworkers
Healthy
Relationships
+: Love
- : Fear
Generativity
vs. Self Absorption
Mid Adulthood
(35-55 years)
Children, Community
Giving back, Contributing
+: Care
- :
Rejection
Integrity vs. Despair
Late
Adult
(55 years …..)
Society,
The world
Life
Achievements
+: Wisdom
-
: AssumptionsSlide10
Maslow/EriksonSelf – Reflect Activity – Summiting the Mounting of Life
What social concern do you want to impact? What do you need to acquire or accomplish to make a difference?
Erikson:
Identity or Role Confusion
What are you most proud of about yourself – what have you stood up for? Who are you?
Who is there for you – What groups do you associate with?
Where do you feel the most secure, who and what is there?
Do you have your basic rights met: shelter, clothing, medical care, nutritional meals, clean water? Slide11
Piaget http://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=YtLEWVu815o
This theory suggests that our prior knowledge can facilitate or enhance transfer of a learning task. It is also true that prior knowledge can inhibit or interfere with our acquisition of new information
Young children are “egocentric”: they are focused only on their point of view –
The sun follows me and the sun goes to bed when I go to bed.
Language alone doesn’t represent a child’s knowledge and understanding; children know a lot more than they can say.
Children think about the world very differently than adults do. Children are thinkers; children are scientists.
Biology and experience play equal roles in developing a human. Slide12
His research in developmental psychology
had one unique goal:
How does knowledge grow?
Slide13
Answer
Knowledge is built upon.
During all development stages, the child experiences his or her environment using the mental maps
s
/he has been able to construct.
If the experience is a repeated, it fits easily--or is
assimilated
--into the child's cognitive structure so that he or she maintains mental
"equilibrium."
If the experience is different or new, the child loses
disequilibrium.
The child has to alter his/her cognitive structure to
accommodate
the new conditions.Slide14
Logic?
All things in the air are birds.
Then they learn the difference between bird and planeSlide15
Logical Thinking
Another Example
These
are all apples because they are redSlide16
4 Development Stages
Sensorimotor
stage
Preoperational stage
Concrete operation
Formal operationsSlide17
Sensorimotor Stage:
Birth - 2 years of age
The child, through physical interaction with his or her environment, builds a set of concepts about reality and how it works.
This is the stage where a child does not know that objects remain in existence even when out of sight,
object permanence
.Slide18
12 to 18 months
Trial and Error: Push a cracker off a high chair and watch it fall to the floor. Then does it again
Can find hidden objects
Understands that objects exist independently
Sensorimotor StageSlide19
Preoperational Stage
2 - 7 years old
The child is not yet able to conceptualize abstractly and needs concrete physical situations.
The child is quite
egocentric
during this stage, that is, he sees things pretty much from one point of view: his own!
His thinking is influenced by fantasy -- the way he'd like things to be -- and he assumes that others see situations from his viewpoint. He takes in information and then changes it in his mind to fit his ideas.Slide20
Conservation
Quantity remains the same despite changes in appearance. If you show a child four marbles in a row, then spread them out, the preoperational child will focus on the spread, and tend to believe that there are now more marbles than before.Slide21
Conservation
Preoperational Stage
They think the same amount of liquid is more when poured into a tall thin glass.
To them taller means more!Slide22
Concrete Operation
7-11 years old
During this stage, the child develops an ability to think abstractly and to make rational judgments about concrete or observable phenomena.
In the past, the child needed to manipulate physically to understand. In teaching this child, giving him the opportunity to ask questions and to explain things back to allows him to mentally manipulate information.Slide23
Formal Operations
11 - 15 years old
This person no longer requires concrete objects to make rational judgments.
At this point, he is capable of hypothetical and deductive reasoning. Teaching for the adolescent may be wide ranging because he'll be able to consider many possibilities from several perspectives.Slide24
Formal Operations Stage
Can think in abstract ways
Understand loyalty and freedomSlide25Slide26Slide27Slide28Slide29Slide30Slide31Slide32Slide33Slide34Slide35Slide36Slide37Slide38Slide39Slide40Slide41Slide42Slide43Slide44Slide45
Piaget Slide46
Vygotsky
After age two, the growth of the mind is highly influenced by the child’s culture. Learning occurs when children interact with both the environment and people around them. Children are active participants in their own learning.
In play, children often behave beyond their average age; play is a major source of development. To master and remember these new skills the child needs assistance.
Scaffolding
is how an adult or another child can assist the learner by asking questions, posing problems, modeling or offering new materials that move the child to a new level of learning –
Zone of Proximal Development
(ZPD).
Growing and learning doesn’t always happen naturally.
Zone of Proximal Development
(ZPD)Slide47
Cognitive Constructivist vs. Social Constructivist
Proces
s of Learning
Piaget (Cognitive)
Vygotsky (Social)
Changing of Knowledge BY ….
Individually constructed in social world.
Mutually constructed with others.
How
it happens …
Hands-on experiences to build
upon
prior knowledge. Multiple opportunities and diverse processes to connect what is already known by interaction with others and environment.
Socially and culturally constructed opportunities.
Collaborative
experiences with others through social/cultural setting ~ Authentic experiences and material
Role of peers …
Not necessarily encouraged, but can stimulate thinking, raise questions.
Assume part
of knowledge construction, help define opportunities for learning
Evidence
of learning…
Performance of explanation of reasoning
Ongoing assessment
Participating in collective performances
with reasoning of social performanceSlide48
How would Piaget & Vogotsky teach a skill?
Introduce
Model
Practice – Hands on experienceBuild Upon Prior Skills Slide49
Howard Gardner
Proposed the notion that human beings have not just one type of intelligence, but several. Previously intelligence had been defined by intelligence tests.
Rarely do intelligences work alone, rather they are combined in our activities as one can enhance another.
*What intelligence will you use to analyze, synthesis, and evaluate how knowledge grows?Slide50
Reggio Emilia100 Languages
Depending on the ages and skills of the children, activities engaged are sparked by the children’s interest and moves into project work include drawing, writing, reading, recording observations, and interviewing experts.
The information gathered is summarized and represented in the form of graphs, charts, diagrams, paintings and drawings, murals, models and other constructions, and reports to peers and parents.
In the early years, an important component of a project is dramatic play, in which new understanding is expressed and new vocabulary is used.
Environment plays an important role as ‘third teacher’, the first teacher (the parent) and the second (the classroom teacher, who co-explores with children)Slide51
Multiple Intelligence Support Inquire Based Learning
http://
www.youtube.com/watch?v
=174pYUcwn7whttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=kQdAU7Dm9A0&feature=relatedSlide52
Mary Montessori
She became the director of a school for mentally-disabled children. After two years under her guidance, these children, who formerly had been considered uneducable, took a school examination along with typical developing children and passed successfully.
How did she guide them?
Children are grouped in three or six-year spans and have the same teacher for this period
The children’s space is set up so that each child can work independently and everything is accessible. Group work is voluntary.
Materials are displayed on trays so that each child gets the materials for an activity and puts them away when done. Multi-sensory materials for physical exploration
Tools are “real” – real scissors, knives, hammers, pitchers, rulers, etc. so they work.
Individualism with its emphasis on auto-education and self- correcting materials Slide53
Bloom’s Taxonomy
Multi-tiered model of classifying thinking according to six cognitive levels of complexity.
It is like a stairway, "climb to a higher (level of) thought."
The lowest three levels are: knowledge, comprehension, and application. The highest three levels are: analysis, synthesis, and evaluationSlide54
To Create… Using Multiple Intelligence
Verbs
Change, Combine, Compose, Design, Format, Invent
ProductSlide55
Resources
http://
www.aussieeducator.org.au/education/other/theories.html