The Reproductive System Chapter 16 - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

The Reproductive System

Chapter 16Slide2

___________________-

primary sex organs

-

ie. Testes and ovaries_______________________--sex cells produced by gonads as well as gonads secrete sex hormones_______________________________-remaining reproductive structuresJoint purpose of Reproductive system is produce offspring---via sperm in males and ___________ in females

gonads

gametes

Accessory reproductive organs

ovaSlide3

Zygote

becomes embryo and then

fetusSlide4

Anatomy of Male Reproductive System

Testes

have

exocrine-sperm producing- function and endocrine-testosterone producingAccessory structures in delivery of sperm to exterior or to femaleSlide5

TESTES-

Plum

shaped---4 cm –sized surrounded by fibrous connective tissue capsule-

_____________________________-“white coat”Extensions of capsule extend into testes and divide into wedge-shaped ______________________each containing 1-4 _____________________________-

sperm producing portion

Tunica albuginea

lobules

Seminiferous tubulesSlide6

Seminiferous tubules empty into another set of tubules-

--____________________on

each side of testis-sperm travel from

rete to enter 1st part of duct system-____________________-hugging external testis

In soft tissue around seminiferous tubules are -__________________-that produce androgens-esp. testosterone---thus different tissue process sperm and then hormones

Rete testis

epididymis

Interstitial cellsSlide7

DUCT SYSTEM-

inc.

edididymis,ducus deferns, and urethra

A.___________________________-highly coiled tube-~6 m-capping superior testis and extends posterolaterally-temporary storage for immature sperm entering from testis

Takes sperm about _____________days to travel epididymis,maturing along the way...and become motile

During ejaculation,epididymis contracts to expel ___________into--_________________________________

epididymis

20

Sperm….

ductus

deferensSlide8
Slide9

.

Ductus

Deferens

(= vas deferens)-extends upward from epididymis through inguinal canal,to pelvic cavity and arches over superior bladder…enclosed w/ blood vessels and nerves and connective tissue sheath-______________________ and it travels up through inguinal canal

Spermatic cordSlide10
Slide11

Loops medially over ureter and goes down posterior bladder-expands as ampulla and empties into

_________________--

this passes through prostate gland and merges w/ urethra

Main function of ductus deferens is to _________________________

At ejaculation smooth muscle squeeze sperm forward by ___________________

Ejaculatory duct

Propel live sperm from storage-epididymis and distal vas deferns

peristalsisSlide12

A __________________________________is a contraceptive procedure that ligates-“ties-off”

ducus

deferns in part that lies in scrotum---sperm are still produced-but don’t reach body exterior and are phagocytized-rendering male sterilevasectomySlide13

Urethra

From

base bladder to tip of penis-terminal feature of male system-carries urine and sperm-however both never travel @ same time---bladder sphincter constricts @ ejaculation preventing this3 regions: 1) ______________-surrounded by prostrate2

)_____________-from prostatic urethra to penis and 3)__________-runs length of penis

Prostatic urethra

Membranous urethra

Spongy (penile)urethraSlide14
Slide15
Slide16

ACCESSORY GLANDS AND SEMEN

-

inc

. paired seminal vesicles,single

prostate,bulbourethral

glands and semenA.____________________@

base of bladder make ~60% of seminal fluid-secretion rich in _________________which

nourish and activate sperm

Each of its duct joins vas deferens on same side to form

__________----

thus sperm and seminal fluid enter urethra during ejaculation

Seminal vesicles

Fructose, vitamin C,

proglastins

…

Ejaculatory ductSlide17

Prostate-single doughnut –shaped gland-encircles prostatic urethra below bladder

Its

glandular

, milky secretion helps activate sperm---during ejaculation-fluid enters urethra through several small ductsSince near rectum,can

be palpitated rectallySlide18

Older men suffer hypertrophy of gland, strangling urethra-making urination difficult and increases risk of bladder infections-

________________

and kidney damage

Treatments include :surgery,drugs or microwaves to shrink prostate,insertion of small balloon to push prostate away from

urethra,incineration w/low energy radiation___________________-inflammation of prostate-common

_______________-most prevalent cancer in men-slow growing,usually

cystitis

prostatitis

Prostatic cancerSlide19
Slide20
Slide21

C.

_______________________-

tiny pea-sized glands posterior to prostate

, produce thick,c lear mucus draining into penile urethra----is 1

st secretion to pass upon sexual arousal ---functions in cleansing urethra of acidic urine and is a sexual lubricant

Bulbourethral glandsSlide22

D. Semen-milky white, somewhat sticky mixture of sperm and gland secretions ;transport medium for nutrients and chemicals that protect and aid in movement of sperm

Sperm

have little cytoplasm or stored nutrients so __________________ is energy fuel

pH ~ 7.2-7.6 helps neutralize acidic vagina(3.5-4.0)-protecting sperm(sperm are sluggish in acidic environment)________________-antibiotic chemical destroying certain bacteriaHormone_______________-………………………….

fructose

seminalplasmin

relaxinSlide23

Semen cont’d

Enzymes to enhance sperm motility

Substances to inhibit female reproductive immune response

Male infertility---causes include obstruction of duct system, hormone imbalance , environmental estrogens ,pesticides, too much alcohol….often

_________________is checked to analyze sperm count, motility, and morphology,semen volume ,pH, fructose amount…sperm count should not be below 20 million /mL

Semen analysisSlide24

EXTERNAL GENITALIA-

ie

. Scrotum and penis

Scrotum-divided sac of skin outside abdominal cavity, normally hangs loosely, rendering

testes temperature below body temp.( @ ~ 5.4 degrees lower)-necessary for healthy sperm production ,changes in scrotal surface area help maintain temp—example -wrinkles as pulls toward body during external cold temp’sPenis-delivers sperm-consists of

shaft ,glans penis tip and prepuce or foreskin-loose skin covering-often removed at circumcision/Internally-spongy urethra

SURROUNDED by 3 elongated areas of _______________________that fill w/ blood during arousal-causing rigid erection

Erectile tissueSlide25

Male Reproductive Functions

Spermatogenesis

=

sperm production-begins @ puberty and is lifelongMillions/day_________________primitive stem cells @ periphery of each seminiferous tubule/rapid mitotic division to build stem cell line….from birth to puberty

spermatogoniaSlide26

Spermatogeneisis

cont’d

@ puberty

_______________________(FSH) is secreted in increasing amounts by ant. Pituitary gland…from here on out ,each division produces 1 stem cell-type A daughter ---which remains @ tubule periphery to maintain stem population…and 2nd,type B daughter-pushed toward tubule lumen to become primary spermatocyte and will undergo MEIOSIS

Gametes @ this stage are called _______-made by meiosis and have ½ genetic material (2n in humans=23 x 2)

As meiosis occurs ,primar

y,then secondary spermatocytes pushed toward tubule of lumen

Spermatids NOT functional sperm-

nonmotile

and excess cellular baggage

Follicle-stimulating hormone

spermatidsSlide27

Spermatogenesis cont’d

During last stage-

_______________-

excess cytoplasm sloughed off and now have _________________________,equipped w/high metabolism and motilitySperm head has DNA---essentailly

nucleusAnterior to head is ______________made by

golgi and similar to large lysosome---which breaks down @ membrane and releases to help sperm penetrate follicle of egg

Mature sperm compacted into 3 regions-

head,midpiece

and tail

Acrosome-

helmutlikeSlide28

Spermatogenesis cont’d

Filaments make long tail from

centriloes

in midpiece w/mitochondria wrapped around for necessary ATPAll of spermatogenesis-from primary spermatocyte to release of immature sperm takes 64-72 daysSperm in lumen nonmotile and can’t fertilize….moved by peristalsis from tubules into epididymis---there further maturation and increased motility

Things that can alter sperm formation:________________-

Some antibiotics,radiation,lead,some pesticides,marijuana,tobacco

, excessive alcoholSlide29
Slide30
Slide31

Testosterone production

produced by

intersitial

cells@ puberty FSH prods sperm production and ________________(LH) is also released by anterior pituitary on from here on out testosterone is produced continuosly,rising levels responsible for secondary sexual characteristics

:___________________-testosterone not produced and secondary sex characteristics not produced_____________….

castration will cause this or malfunction of interstitial cells…also cause sterility

Luteinizing hormone

Deeping

voice,increased

hair all over most of body-esp. axillary and

pubic;skeletal

muscle enlargement-more muscle

mass;increased

bone growth and density of bone

Sexual infantilismSlide32
Slide33

FeMALE

REPRODUCTIVE ANATOMY

f

unction in producing gametes(ova) and nurture/protect developing fetus_____________________primary reproductive organs-both exocrine and endocrine in nature

ovariesSlide34

OVARIES

Shape

of almonds but about twice as large

Internally __________________-each consisting of an immature egg-oocyte-surrounded by 1 or more layers called __________As developing egg matures follicle enlarges and produces fluid filled antrum-At this point follicle is called

vesicular or _________________follicle,which is mature and ready to released during ____________________.After

ovulation,ruptured follicle is transformed into ___________________--“yellow body”,which degenerates

Ovarian follicles

Follicle cells

Graafian

follicle

ovulation

Corpus

luteumSlide35

Ovarian follicle

Follicle cellsSlide36

Ovaries cont’d

Ovulation

~ every 28 days….in older women ovaries are scarred and pitted from release of many eggs

Ovaries secured to lateral pelvis by _________________and medially by ______________and in between held by fold of peritoneum

-broad ligament

Suspensory ligaments

Ovarian ligamentsSlide37

DUCT SYSTEM-uterine

tube,uterus

and vagina

Fallopian(uterine) tubes—internal duct systemreceive ovulated oocyte and provide fertilization siteeach about 4”

long,extends medially from ovary to empty in superior uterusenclosed and supported by broad ligamentSlide38
Slide39

Fallopian tubes cont’d

little or no contact between fallopian tubes and ovaries-instead contact @ distal end is by funnel-shaped

____________________that

has fingerlike projections-fimbriae that surround ovary-- WHICH create fluidlike current that carries oocyte into fallopian tube---to thus journey to uterusAt this point

is where many potential eggs are lost in peritoneal cavityCilia and peristalsis move oocyte along to uterus-taking about 3-4 days,but egg is viable ~24 hrs. after

ovulation,so fertilization is usually in fallopian tubeTo reach oocyte,sperm must swim up through vagina and uterus to fallopian tubes---swimming

against a downward beat of Cilia!

infundibulumSlide40

Fallopian tubes cont’d

Because fallopian tubes and ovaries are not physically

continuous,this

makes this area vulnerable to infection,such as bacteria of Gonorrhea…maybe causing

__________________which can cause scarring and closing of tubes

Pelvic inflammatory diseaseSlide41
Slide42

Uterus-located in pelvis between bladder and rectum

Hallow/functions

to

receive,retain,and nourish a fertilized eggAbout the size and shape of a pear in women who haven’t been pregnantSuspended by broad ligament and anchored by round and uterosacral ligaments_________________=main portion_________________-superior,rounded

region above fallopian tube entrance

body

fundusSlide43

Uterus cont’d

______________-narrow outlet into vagina below

Wall is thick w/3 layers:1)inner mucosa-

________________-At implantation-fertilized egg burrows here/This layer sloughs off during ________________-menstruation every 28 days-- if not fertilized2)______________-interlacing bundles of smooth muscle making bulky middle layer-contracts during labor 3) perimetrium-outer serous layer(visceral peritoneum

cervix

endometrium

menses

myometriumSlide44

__________________________________-common in women 30-50-risks factors

inc.

cervical

inflammation,STDs,multiple pregnancies,promiscuity/detected w/Pap smear/slow growing ,usually

Cervical cancerSlide45
Slide46

Vagina-thin-walled tube 3-4”long/between bladder and rectum from cervix to body exterior=birth canal./also organ of copulation

Distally partially enclosed by __________mucosa-which is very vascular and bleeds when ruptured

hymenSlide47

External genitalia=vulva

mons

pubis-fatty,rounded area overlying pubic

symphysis-hair after pubertylaterally are 2 skin folds

w/hair-labia majora (encloses vestibule which

houses external urethra opening and vagina)and l.minora

______________

surround vagina and secretes for distal vagina

Clitoris-small protrusion that is corresponding to penis w/erectile tissue but no reproductive duct

___________________-between ant. labial

folds,anus

and

ischial

tuberosities

Greater vestibular glands

perineumSlide48
Slide49

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTIONS AND CYCLES

OOGENESIS

AND THE OVARIAN CYCLE

Females’ reproductive ability begins at puberty and ends around 50’s(menopause)In developing female fetus

,_________-female stem cells multiply rapidly to increase their numbers,then daughter cells-primary oocytes-push into ovary connective

tissue and primary follicle forms around themBy

birth,oogonia cease to exist and a lifetime supply of primary oocytes

are in place---

waiting 10-14 years to undergo

MEIOSIS!

@ puberty , ant. Pituitary

produces

_________FSH

-stimulates

a small # of primary follicles to grow and mature each month and then ovulation occurs monthly….constituting the

_________cycle

oogonia

Follicle-stimulating hormone

ovarianSlide50

Oogenesis and ovarian cycle cont’d

@ puberty

~ 250,000 oocytes remain w/ a small # activated each month….

appx 500 of the 250,000 ova are released in the limited # of years of fertilityThe FSH prods the follicle to enlarge ,accumulating fluid in central antrum

/Primary oocyte replicates chromosomes and MEIOSIS occurs-producing 1 ________________and polar body

Follicle development to the point of rupture takes about 14 days with ___ovulation

________________ occurring at just about this timeOvulation occurs at the response to _

luteinizing

hormone

__

LH

Secondary oocyte is still surrounded by follicle cell capsule now

called_

corona

radiata

(“

radiating crown”)…abdominal pain can accompany this-

mittelschmerz

Secondary oocyteSlide51

1 developing follicle dominates each month/mature follicles not ovulated are overripe and deteriorate

Besides triggering ovulation each

month,LH

aso causes ruptured follicle to turn into corpus luteum(Both

c.luteum and maturing follicle produce hormones)If ovulated, secondary oocyte is penetrated by sperm in fallopian tube,THEN

oocyte undergoes_________________________________making another polar body and ovum

2nd

meiotic divisionSlide52

….its 23 chromosomes are combined w/23 of sperm in fertilized egg

If not fertilized, deteriorates

Polar bodies deteriorate

Sperm v. egg:-sperm relies mostly on surrounding for nutrients,while—egg larger and______________________-stocked w/ nutrients

nonmotileSlide53
Slide54

Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle

receptive

to implantation only briefly---~ 7 days after ovulation

events of _____________________ are cyclic changes that endometrium goes through monthly in response to ovarian hormone changesAnterior pituitary ____________________ hormones FSH and LH regulate Ovarian estrogen and progesterone

Typically cycle is 28 days w/ovulation occurring midway

Menstrual cycle

gonadotropicSlide55

Menstrual cycle cont’d

3 stages:

1

)______________________--superficial functional layer of thick endometrium is sloughed off-accompanied by 3-5 days bleeding---passing out vagina as menstrual flow/average blood loss 50-150mL(1/4-1/2 cup)….By day 5 ovarian follicles begin to produce estrogen2

)__________________---is stimulated by estrogen levels to cause basal layer of endometrium to regenerate ,glands form w/in and endometrial blood supply increases…endometrium restores to velvety,thick

and well vascularized—ovulation @ end of this phase in response to LH

Days 1-5-Menstrual phase

Days 6-14-Proliferative phaseSlide56

Menstrual cycle cont’d

3

)______________________-

progestrone levels have risen(by corpus luteum) and act on estrogen charged endometrium and increase blood supply more/also increasing size of endometrial glands and begin supplying nutrients into uterine cavity to sustain an embryo until implanted

Days 15-28-Secretory phaseSlide57

If fertilization does

occur,embryo

produces hormone similar to LH-causes

______________________________If fertilization does NOT occur,c. luteum

degenerates and LH levels drop…This causes vessels supplying endometrium to go into spasms and kink—causing endometrial cells-deprived of O2 –to die ….setting stage for next mensesCycle can vary from 21-40 days ,but time of ovulation is usually @ 14-15 days

Corpus luteum

to cont. producing its hormonesSlide58

HORMONE PRODUCTION BY OVARIES

Begin

@ puberty

Follicle cells of growing follicles produce_______________________-causing the appearance of secondary sex characteristics :enlargement of fallopian tubes, vagina and external genitalia ;development of breasts ;axillary and pubic hair ;increased fat in hips and breasts and in general; Widening and lightening of pelvis; Onset of mensesEstrogen also has metabolic effects---ex-maintaing blood cholesterol(high HDL) and help Ca2+ uptake

estrogensSlide59

Other ovarian hormone is ______________________________made by

c.luteum

as long as LH is present in blood…stopping 10-14 days after ovulation/helps establish menses w/

estrogen,but does NOT contribute to secondary sex traits…plays a role in pregnancy by inhibiting contraction of endometrium and prepares_____________________(source of progesterone in pregnancy is placenta)

progesterone

For lactationSlide60
Slide61

Mammary glands

In both sexes ,but has normal functions in female---being important only once

reproduction

is accomplished—stimulated to increase size by estrogenAre actually modified sweat glands and part of integument ,in that sense….and anterior to pectoral muscles________________-center pigmented area w/protruding nippleInternally has 15-25 lobes radiating around nipple/lobes are padded and separated by connective tissue and fat

Within each lobe are smaller _________________ w/clusters of alveolar glands that _______________-produce milk into lactiferous ducts opening via the nipple to the outside

areola

lobules

lactateSlide62

______________________-

2

nd

most common cause of death in American women---1 in 8 developing this condition….~10% hereditary and half traced to BRCA 1 and 2 gene/80% of women w/ gene contract cancer---other risk factors inc. early menses,late menopause,estrogen

replacement therapy….Breast cancer is signaled by change in skin texture ,puckering and nipple leakage…can be detected by self examination and by ___________________-X-rays that reveal tumors too small to feel(<1 cm.)

Breast cancer

mammographySlide63
Slide64

ACCOMPLISHING FERTILIZATION

Sperm

must reach secondary oocyte-viable 12-24 hours after leaving ovary/

sperm viable ~ 24-48 hrs….Therfore

, intercourse must occur no more than 2 days before ovulation and no later than 24 hrs. after ovulation---when oocyte is appx. 1/3 way down fallopian tubeSperm attracted to oocyte by “homing device” chemicals—locating oocyte

Sperm take __hours to reach fallopian tube,however many leak out or are destroyed by vagina’s acidity---only a few hundred –few thousand make it to area of egg’s location

When sperm reach oocyte,cell surface hyraluronidase

enzymes break down “cement” holding follicle cells of corona radiate around oocyte

1-2Slide65

Once path cleared through corona,1000’s sperm

undergo

_______________________

where acrosome membrane break down-releasing enzymes to lyse through oocyte membrane….then a single sperm can make contact w/oocyte membrane receptors---pulling head(nucleus) of sperm pulled into oocyte cytoplasm….****sperm reaching this point after acrosomal reactions have started are the more likely to fertilize

After a sperm has reached oocyte,2nd meiosis occurs---making ovum and polar bodyChanges in fertilized egg preventing other sperm entry

_________________occurs @ moment genetic material of sperm combines w/ that of ovum to make________________-

fertilized egg

Acrosomal

reaction

zygote

fertilizationSlide66
Slide67

EVENTS OF EMBRYONIC AND FETAL DEVELOPMENT

Rapid

MITOTIC division as zygote goes down fallopian tube-

________________,w/daughter cells becoming smaller and smaller—large # of cells will be building block of embryo-until 9th week

By time embryo reaches uterus(3 days after ovulation)=_________________-ball of 16 cells looking like a raspberry…Since uterus not totally prepared for embryo yet, embryo floats in uterine cavity---using uterine secretions for

nutreints @ this time---Unattached,continues

to develop to ~ 100 cells---It then hallows out to form_________or

chorionic vesicle

cleavage

morula

blastocystSlide68

@ this same time ,it is secreting a hormone called

______________________(

hCG

)-this prods c.luteum of ovary continue hormone production(otherwise,endometrium would shed)Pregnancy tests usually

detect______________levelsBlastocyst also has __________________-

forming large fluid-filled sphere and also an inner cell mass-small cell cluster to one sideBy day 7 after ovulation,blastocyst

attahes to endometrium,eroding away some of lining and envelops into thick mucosa

Human chorionic gonadotropin

hcg

trophoblastSlide69

During this time the primary germ layers are forming from inner mass:

______________________gives rise to nervous system and epidermis

______________________forms mucosa and associated glands

__________________________gives rises to basically everything elseectoderm

endoderm

mesodermSlide70

By day 14 after

ovulation,implantation

is complete and mucosa grown over embryo…The ______________of the blastocyst develops projections called chorionic

villi,combining w/uterus to produce __________________________

trohoblast

placentaSlide71

Once placenta has

formed,embryonic

body is surrounded by_____________________________-fluid –filled sac and attaches w/blood vessel stalk-_____________________________________

By 3rd week,placenta delivers nutrients and O2 to and removes wastes from embryonic blood---all through ____________________________

By end of 2nd month,placeta

becomes endocrine organ producing estrogen,progesterone,and other hormones to maintain pregnancy…

c.luteum becomes inactive

amnion

Umbilical cord

Placental barrierSlide72

By week 8--all organ systems laid down in some form and looks human

Week 9—Now called__________-now growth and organ specialization are major activities

As

fetus,grows from ~ 3cm. and 1g to 36 cm(14”),~4kg(6-10 lbs.)…at birth ~ 22”270 days-10th lunar month-full term

fetusSlide73
Slide74

7 wks.Slide75
Slide76

EFFECTS OF PREGNANCY ON MOTHER

___________________________-

period from conception to birth

Anatomical changes-Uterus goes from fist sized to eventually nearing level of xiphoid process-thorax widens as organs press on diaphragm Center of gravity changes sometimes causing lordosois

---thus backachesPlacental hormone____________________causes pelvic ligaments and pubic

symphsis to relax,widen and become more flexible

Good nutrition necessary—needing only about 300 calories extra/daySubstances that can cross placental barriers are alcohol,nicotine,many

drugs and maternal infections

_________________ termination of pregnancy by loss of fetus---spontaneous abortion is a miscarriage

pregnancy

relaxin

abortionSlide77

Physiological Changes

GI system-morning sickness usually first

trimester,as

mother adjusts to elevated estrogens;heartburn because of displaced esophagus and displaced stomach;constipation –because GI motility decreased

Urinary system-kidneys now need to dispose of fetal metabolic wastes,producing MORE urine;also

uterus compresses bladder---frequent urination-Ie. stress incontinenceRespiratory System-nasal mucosa responds to estrogen by swelling and

congested,maybe nosebleeds ;respiratory rate increases but residual volume declines causing_______________-difficult breathing in later stagesCardiovascular system-Total body water rises and blood volume increases 25-40%---helping in safeguarding from blood loss effects during

labor;BP

and pulse increase and raise cardiac output 20-40%;venous return from lower limbs may be impaired---maybe causing varicose veins

dyspneaSlide78

CHILDBIRTH=________________________

Usually

w/in 15 days of calculated due date (280 days from last menstrual period)

_________________-series of events that expel infant from uterusInitiation of laborEstrogen has reached highest levels causing myometrium to form much

________________receptors-to be receptive to that hormoneAND interfering with progesterone’s quieting influence on

uterine muscle—causing weak uterine contractions---called _________________

contractions—often producing false laborparturition

labor

oxytocin

Braxton-Hicks contractionsSlide79

Then ,cells of fetus produce oxytocin and this stimulates placenta to release

_______________________stimulating

more frequent and powerful contractions

Mom’s hypothalamus activated by emotional and physical stress---signals oxytocin release by posterior pituitary gland ---rhythmic ,expulsive contractions-TRUE LABOR…positive feedback mechanism now w/hypothalamus,strengthening contractionsAnything that interferes w/oxytocin or

proglastins can hinder onset of labor….example--antiproglastin drugs such as aspirin and ibuprofen

proglastinsSlide80

Stages of Labor

1

st

-_____________________________from time of true contractions until full-10 cm-dilation of cervix….contractions move from upper uterus to vagina,becoming more vigorous and softening cervix and thinning….amnion ruptures-“water –breaking”-----usually 6-12 hours

or MORE!!!

Dilation stageSlide81

2

nd

-Expulsion stage-full dilation to delivery…urge increases to push 20 min -50 min.---sometimes 2

hrsInfant should be head first-Vertex position-skull as a wedge to dilate cervix…after head,rest of body comes out more easily…umbilical cord clamped off

_______________-buttocks-first_________________-during a difficult 2nd

stage,O2 delivery inadequate leading to cerebral palsy or epilepsy….often a C-section done to prevent these 3rd

-____________________-w/in 15 min.placenta usually expelled---placenta and other fetal membranes constitute ____________________

breech

dystocia

Placental stage

afterbirthSlide82

DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS

Gonads

from 8

th week and then accessory structures and external genitalia….all depends on presence or absence of testosteroneIf genetic male fails to produce testosterone-female accessory structures form and external genitalia…

--If genetic female exposed to testosterone-male accessory ducts and glands as well as penis and scrotum….both cases are pseudohermaphrodites----a true hermaphrodite

(now referred to as intersexual)possesses ovaries and testes-rare case

XO female appears normal but lacks ovaries/YO males perish__________________narrowing of foreskin of penis and misplaced urethral openings_______________________-failure of full descent of testes

phimosis

cryptorchidismSlide83

_______________=

period ~11-13---taking another 2 years for dependable ovulation

Most common problem in females are infection-sometimes caused by STD’s

Male inflammatory conditions include _______________________,maybe following STD transmission______________-inflammation of testes….maybe following STD or mumps

Neoplasms a danger in both gendersWomen reach peak reproductive abilities @ late 20’s,estrogen declines eventually producing________________-producing a ceasing of menses—irritability and mood changes can accompany

Dangers can accompany HRTIts all downhill…! 

Puberty @ 10-15 yrs.

puberty

Urethritis,prostatitis,epididymitis

menopause

orchiditisSlide84