Warm Up: Objective: Trace the political and social development of societies in Europe - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Warm Up:Objective: Trace the political and social development of societies in EuropeQuestion: Write a reaction to this quote;“Share your knowledge, it is a way to achieve immortality.” -The Dali Lama

Unit 7: Enlightenment Day 4Slide2

The EnlightenmentSlide3

In the wake of the Sci Rev, scholars philosophers sought new insight in gov’t, religion, economics, and educationEfforts spurred “The Enlightenment”, a new movement stressing thought and reasonAge of Reason reached its height in the mid 1700’sThe Enlightenment in EuropeSlide4

Thomas HobbesLeviathanNeed government to keep order

All humans were naturally selfish and wicked.Idea of social contract

People give up their rights to a strong ruler in exchange for law and order

His idea of a perfect government was what then?

Absolute monarchy b/c it imposed order and demanded obedience.Slide5

LeviathanChapter 14Of the First and Second Natural Laws,And Of Contracts

From this fundamental law of nature, by which men are commanded to endeavour peace, is derived this second law: that a man be willing, when others are so too, as far forth as for peace and defense of himself he shall think it necessary, to lay down this right to all things; and be contented with so much liberty against other men as he would allow other men against himself. For as long as every man holdeth this right, of doing anything he liketh; so long are all men in the condition of war. But if other men will not lay down their right, as well as he, then there is no reason for anyone to divest himself of his: for that were to expose himself to prey, which no man is bound to, rather than to dispose himself to peace. This is that law of the gospel: Whatsoever you require that others should do to you, that do ye to them. And that law of all men, do not do unto others what you do not want done to yourself.

http://history.hanover.edu/courses/excerpts/111hob.htmlSlide6

Wrote the book LeviathanSaid without governments to keep order there would be civil war“solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short”Social Contract:

People hand over their rights to a strong ruler in exchange for law and order. Therefore, the best gov’t was an absolute monarchy

THOMAS HOBBESSlide7

John Locke

Two Treatises on GovernmentMore positive, all people could learn from experience and improve themselves

People are born free and equal with

THREE

natural rights:

Life

Liberty

Property

Purpose of government is to protect these rights, and could be overthrown.

http://www.studenthandouts.com/DBQ_Pages/09.27.DBQ-John-Locke-Two-Treatises-on-Government-1690-Enlightenment.htmSlide8

Locke: Two Treatises on GovernmentBut though men, when they enter into society give up the equality, liberty, and executive power they had in the state of Nature into the hands of society…the power of the society or legislative constituted by them can never be supposed to extend farther than the common good…. Whoever has the legislature or supreme power of any commonwealth, is bound to govern by established standing laws, promulgated and known to the people, and not by extemporary decrees, by…upright judges, who are too decide controversies by those laws; and to employ the force of the community at home only in the execution of such laws; and to employ the force of the community at home only in the execution of such laws, or abroad to prevent or redress foreign injuries and secure the community from inroads and invasion. And all this is to be directed to no other end but the peace, safety, and public good of the people.

The reason why men enter into society is the preservation of their property

; and the end while they choose and authorize a legislative is that there may be laws made, and rules set, as guards and fences to the properties of all the society…

, and either by ambition, fear, folly, or c

Whensoever, therefore, the legislative shall transgress this fundamental rule of society

orruption, endeavor to grasp themselves, or put into the hands of any other, an absolute power over the lives, liberties, and estates of the people, by this breach of trust they forfeit the power the people had put into their hands for quite contrary ends, and it devolves to the people;

who have a right to resume their original liberty, and by the establishment of a new legislative (such as they shall think fit), provide for their own safety and security…Slide9

Thomas JeffersonWriter of the Declaration of IndependenceSupported freedom of speech, religion, and civil libertiesInfluenced by LockeSlide10

Philosophers Advocate ReasonPhilosophers believed you could apply reason to all aspects of lifeReason – truth could be discovered through reason or logical thinking

Nature – what was natural was good and reasonableHappiness – well-being on earth and following nature’s laws lead to happiness

Progress – people use scientific approach, life could now be perfected

Liberty – through reason, society could be set free.Slide11

VoltaireVoltaireUsed satire to target clergy, aristocracy, and government

Went to jail not once, but TWICE!!Always fought for tolerance, reason, freedoms of religion and speech

“

Ecrazes l’infame!” →

“Crush the evil thing!”

Including religious toleranceSlide12

MontesquieuBelieved English government, like Voltaire, was the best governmentProposed the idea of separation of powers.

Executive power: King and ministers → enforce lawsLegislative power: Parliament → create laws

Judicial: English courts → interpreted laws to see how each applied to a specific case.

Ideas became the basis for checks and balances

: each branch would serve as a check on the other two.Slide13

The Spirit of the Laws[1] In every government there are three sorts of power; the legislative; the executive, in respect to things dependent on the law of nations; and the executive, in regard to things that depend on the civil law. [2] By virtue of the first, the prince or magistrate enacts temporary or perpetual laws, and amends or abrogates those that have been already enacted. By the second, he makes peace or war, sends or receives embassies; establishes the public security, and provides against invasions. By the third, he punishes criminals, or determines the disputes that arise between individuals. The latter we shall call the judiciary power, and the other simply the executive power of the state. [3] The political liberty of the subject is a tranquility of mind, arising from the opinion each person has of his safety. In order to have this liberty, it is requisite the government be so constituted as one man need not be afraid of another.

[4] When the legislative and executive powers are united in the same person, or in the same body of magistrates, there can be no liberty; because apprehensions may anse, lest the same monarch or senate should enact tyrannical laws, to execute them in a tyrannical manner.

[5] Again, there is no liberty, if the power of judging be not separated from the legislative and executive powers. Were it joined with the legislative, the life and liberty of the subject would be exposed to arbitrary control, for the judge would then be the legislator. Were it joined to the executive power, the judge might behave with all the violence of an oppressor.

[6] There would be an end of every thing were the same man, or the same body, whether of the nobles or of the people to exercise those three powers that of enacting laws, that of executing the public resolutions, and that of judging the crimes or differences of individuals. . . . Slide14

Jean Jacques RousseauRousseau – Champion of FreedomIndividual freedom

Very different from other philosophersCivilization corrupted people’s natural goodness

Only good government was one that was freely formed by the people and guided

by the “general will” of society

Which is what?

Direct democracy

His social contract was between a society and government

Agreement among free individuals to create a society and a government.

All people are equal and titles of nobility should be abolished.Slide15

BeccariaBeccaria – criminal justiceLaws existed to preserve social order, not to avenge crimes

On Crimes and PunishmentsRailed against common abuses of justice

Including torture, punishments that were cruel and arbitrary

Argued that people accused of crime should be given a speedy trial

NEVER use torture

Why?

Degree of punishment should be based on the seriousness of crime

Capital punishment should be abolished.Slide16

On Crimes and PunishmentChapter VI. Of the Proportion Between Crimes and PunishmentsIt is not only the common interest of mankind that crimes should not be committed, but that crimes of every kind should be less frequent, in proportion to the evil they produce to society. Therefore, the means made use of by the legislature to prevent crimes should be more powerful

, in proportion as they are destructive of the public safety and happiness, and as the inducements to commit them are stronger. Therefore there ought to be a fixed proportion between crimes and punishments.

Chapter XVI. Of Torture

No man can be judged a criminal until he be found guilty

; nor can society take from him the public protection, until it have been proved that he has violated the conditions on which it was granted. What right, then, but that of power, can authorize the punishment of a citizen, so long as there remains any doubt of his guilt? The dilemma is frequent. Either he is guilty, or not guilty. If guilty, he should only suffer the punishment ordained by the laws, and torture becomes useless, as his confession is unnecessary. If he be not guilty, you torture the innocent; for, in the eye of the law, every man is innocent, whose crime has not been proved. Slide17

Impact of EnlightenmentThrough reasoning, Enlightenment thinkers examined principles of divine right, union of church and state, and unequal social classes and found them unreasonable.Although they look the part, they are not active revolutionaries but they do inspire those who lead them

Three Long-term Effects:

Belief in Progress

:

Growth of sci. knowledge quickened in 1700s

Scientists found multiple discoveries in chemistry, physics, biology, and mechanics

More Secular Outlook

:

Scientists wanted to reveal God’s majesty through mathematics

Did not want to upset the church

Importance of the Individual

:

People began to look at themselves for guidance, not the church.Slide18

Spread of EnlightenmentParisian Salons – the gateway to EnlightenmentPhilosophers, writers, artists, scientists met to discuss ideas and enjoy artistic performances.

Salons and the Encyclopedia helped educate people all over EuropeSlide19

Denis Diderot“Father of the modern Encyclopedia”Created a set of books to which many scholars submitted articles (1751)Some of the works were banned by the churchSlide20

Ideas Change Over TimeOldThe state and its citizens exist to serve the monarchThe monarch gets the right to rule from God

New

The monarch exists to serve the state and support the welfare of its citizens

The monarch gets the right to rule from the consent of the peopleSlide21

Adam SmithCapitalism- laissez faireFree market should regulate businessIndividual economic thinking- self interest

Influenced the US economy todayBook was the

Wealth of Nations

Slide22

WollstonecraftEven though this was a great time of progress, women were still seen in the traditional viewMary Wollstonecraft

Argued that women, like men, need education to become virtuous and useful

Even if they were to be mothers

Should have rights in politicsSlide23

Enlightened DespotsSome rulers followed the philosophers ideas of respecting the people’s rights.Two desires:

Make countries strongerOwn rule to be more effective.

Most well known were Frederick II of Prussia, Joseph II of Austria, and Catherine the Great of Russia

Frederick the Great

Ruler not “the state” but the “first servant of the state”

Joseph II → most radical

Legal reforms and freedom of the press, worship

Abolished serfdom

All reforms undone after death

Catherine the Great

Wished for major reforms

Never came and gave loyalty to nobles.