Poorly managed vessel hulls can accumulate a high biomass of fouling and transport these communities to new areas Image DiveCo Ltd Image Diving Services NZ Ltd Image MPI Microfouling a layer of microscopic organisms including bacteria and diatoms and the slimy substances they produce O ID: 756055
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Slide1
What is biofouling
The growth of organisms (both plant and animal) on submerged objects
Poorly managed vessel hulls can accumulate a high biomass of fouling and transport these communities to new areas
Image: DiveCo Ltd
Image: Diving Services NZ Ltd
Image: MPISlide2
Microfouling
: a layer of microscopic organisms including bacteria and diatoms and the slimy substances they produce. Often referred to as a ‘slime layer’, microfouling can usually be removed by gently passing a finger over the surface
Macrofouling
: large, distinct multicellular organisms visible to the human eye, such as barnacles, tubeworms, mussels, fronds of algae and other large attached or mobile organisms
In brief - macrofouling is any organism not included in the definition of microfouling
Source: the Anti-fouling and In-water Cleaning Guidelines June 2013
Microfouling VS Macrofouling Slide3
Biofouling in niche areas
Source: NZ Diving & Salvage Ltd
Source: MPI
Source: DiveCo Ltd
Niche areas are high risk areas because they are not subject to water drag and can be hard to get toSlide4
Invasive species
Vessel biofouling can contain invasive species
There are many different descriptors of invasive species:
Harmful aquatic organisms (NZ Coastal Policy Statement 2010) HAOInvasive aquatic species (IMO – International Maritime Organisation)
IASNon-indigenous marine invasive species NIMSNon-indigenous species NISUnwanted organisms UOsNotifiable organisms NOsDefinitions include:A species that may pose threats to human, animal and plant life, economic and cultural activities, and the marine environment. (IMO)1Harmful aquatic organisms - Aquatic organisms2 which, if introduced into coastal water, may adversely affect the environment or biological diversity, pose a threat to human health, or interfere with legitimate use or protection of natural and physical resources in the coastal environment (Definition from NZCPS 2010 Glossary).
Charybdis japonica
Asian paddle crab found in Waitemata Harbour and Northland photo Serena WilkensSlide5
Image: Dept. of Fisheries
Image: Roger Grace
Image: Roger Grace
Image: Roger Grace
Pyura
-with native sea starPacific oysterEudistoma
UndariaSlide6
Photo: Northland Regional Council
Sea Squirt (Clubbed Tunicate)
Styela
clava
The negative impacts of Styela from 2006 and 2011 is between $.01 million and $9.4 million
Styela is present in
Marlborough and Nelson, including Picto
nSlide7
Photo credit:
Cawthron Institute
Didemnum
aka Whangamata sea squirt
Established in the Marlborough Sounds, Whangamata and Tauranga.
Efforts are being made to manage it in MarlboroughSlide8
Source: Hugh Blomfield
Eudistoma elongatum
–
Australian droplet tunicate
Spreading in Northland
A type of sea squirt that attaches to hard surfaces in colonies – usually in muddy tidal habitats on man made structures. Continuing to spread throughout NorthlandSlide9
Extent of fouling
The more extensive macrofouling is the higher the risk it will contain non-indigenous species
Also extensive macrofouling is an indication the anti-fouling system is failing Slide10
What is biosecurity?
Biosecurity
is keeping out, eradicating, or managing introduced pests and diseases that could harm our values We do this by: - helping
prevent marine pests and diseases from arriving - detecting, identifying and taking action on new arrivals
- managing pests and diseases that become establishedSlide11
Impacts of harmful aquatic organisms
Ecological:
Competition, Predation, altering trophic dynamics, biodiversity or nutrientsEconomic: Impacts on fisheries and aquaculture, Infrastructure damage, Impacts on tourism, Costs of managementHuman Health: Toxic species, pathogens
Socio-cultural: Amenity, employment, damage to culturally important species or food sources, recreation sports and hobbies, enjoyment
A precautionary approach
focused on preventing introductions of harmful aquatic organisms is required because of the significant costs involved in eradication attempts and their limited success – see examples in para 17 of DOC evidence (pages 6-7)Slide12
Vessel biofouling origin
Estimated that up to
90% of all non-indigenous marine species (NIMS) introduced to New Zealand have entered as biofouling on internationally arriving vessels> 3,000 vessels enter NZ annually – MPI managing this risk with the Craft Risk Management Standard – biofouling that will come into force April 2018.
Domestic, regional and local vessels in New Zealand can also be vectors – particularly vessels that come from places with established pestsFor example:
Sabella spallanzanii (Mediterranean fan worm) is established in a few places around NZ now and of great concern to those regions that don’t have it to keep it out.
Mediterranean fanworm
Sabella spallanzaniiSlide13
Operational profile and maintenance
A vessels
operational profile can be a key factor influencing the risk it could introduce or spread a harmful aquatic organism.
For example: A continuously moving vessel presents a lower risk than a vessel that has long stationary periods.A vessel undertaking regular maintenance is a key factor influencing the risk it could introduce or spread a harmful aquatic organism. It is not enough for a vessel to simply apply an anti-fouling system and do no other maintenance until it needs replacing.
Regular maintenance to minimise the growth of biofouling is recommended by both the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) in their Guidelines 2011 and the Australian and New Zealand Governments in the Anti-fouling and In-water Cleaning Guidelines June 2013.Slide14
What is Anti-fouling?
Anti-fouling is applying a system to the vessels hull and niche areas to prevent biofouling
Anti-fouling coating is usually applied to the hull – can be divided into:
Biocidal coatings
release chemicals such as copper compounds that aim to prevent settlement or survival of aquatic organisms.
Biocide-free coatings do not depend on chemicals or pesticides for their anti-fouling properties, instead relying on their physical nature.It is not possible to prevent biofouling – the process begins as soon as a newly anti-fouled vessel returns to the water.
Note the dry docking support strips holding the ship in place – these will not get cleaned or anti-fouled.
For more information of different types on anti-fouling see Appendix 2 of the Anti-fouling and In-water Cleaning Guidelines June 2013 (attached to DOC evidence)Slide15
Compromise of anti-fouling coatings
There are a number of factors that can influence the effectiveness of anti-fouling coatings:
The right choice of product for the vessels operational profileGood preparation of surfaces before application
Ensuring the paint has been applied according to the manufacturers instructionsTreatment of niche ares that can’t be accessed i.e. sea chests or Dry docking support stripsUnanticipated impact damage from structures or floating debrisSlide16
Roles and responsibilities for marine biosecurity
RMA
Resource Management Act 1991
BSA
Biosecurity Act 1993
HSNOHazardous Substances and New Organisms ActIMOInternational Maritime OrganisationHAOHarmful aquatic organism
RMA
NZCPS - NZ Coastal Policy Statement 2010RPS –
Regional Policy Statements
RMA Marine Pollution regulations
RPs & RCPs
–
regional plans and regional coastal plans
Consents
HSNO
Prevent release or spread of HAO
Pest Management National Plan of Action 2011
Pathway management plans -
national and regional
Pest management plans
- national and regional
Controlled area restrictions
Unwanted and notifiable organism declarations
CRMS –
Craft Risk Management Standard – Biofouling
SSMP -Small Scale Management ProgrammesGIA – Government Industry AgreementsRe-assessment of anti-fouling paints
Re-assessment of anti-fouling paints
Regulations controlling the removal and application of anti-fouling coatings
BSA
Local
Govt
& DOC
MPI & Local
Govt
EPA
Australian and NZ Anti-fouling and In-water cleaning Guidelines – June 2013
IMO:
Biofouling Guidelines on anti-fouling and in-water cleaning 2011; and Ballast water requirements
* In the territorial sea – in the EEZ both MPI and the EPA have roles and responsibilitiesSlide17
Purpose and principles
These guidelines provide guidance on best-practice approaches for the application, maintenance, removal and disposal of anti-fouling coatings and the management of biofouling and invasive aquatic species on vessels and movable structures in Australia and New Zealand. These guidelines are also intended to assist authorities to decide on the appropriateness of in-water cleaning operations in general and on a case-by-case basis. In achieving this purpose, it is the aim of the guidelines to minimise contamination and biosecurity risks associated with shore-based and in-water maintenance of vessels and movable structures. (page 1)
These Guidelines have been endorsed by MPI – both MPI and DOC strongly encourage regional councils to incorporate the guidance and recommendations in regional coastal plans Slide18
Goose barnacles
“Goose barnacles (
lepadomorphs
) are ubiquitous
foulers
of tropical, subtropical and temperate seas, with a pelagic lifecycle that includes attachment to drift wood, floating plant debris and hulls of slow moving vessels, as well as turtles and some whales” Source: Science underpinning the thresholds proposed in the CRMS: Biofouling on vessels arriving to NZ. MPI 2014