The Jewish Calendar Hebrew - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

The Jewish Calendar

Slide2

Hebrew

English

Month Number

Length

of Month

Gregorian

equivalent

נִיסָן

Nisan

1

30 days

March-April

אִיָּר

Iyar

2

29 days

April-May

סִיוָן

 

Sivan

3

30 days

May-June

 

תַּמּוּז

Tamuz

4

29 days

June-July

 

אָב

Av

5

30 days

July-August

 

אֱלוּל

Elul

6

29 days

August-September

 

תִּשׁרִי

Tishri

7

30 days

September-October

 

חֶשְׁוָן

Cheshvan

8

29 or 30 days

October-November

 

כִּסְלֵו

Kislev

9

30 or 29 days

November-December

טֵבֵת

 

Tevet

10

29 days

December-January

 

שְׁבָט

Shevat

11

30 days

January-February

אֲדָר

Adar I (leap years only)

12

30 days

February-March

אֲדָר

(

אֲדָר ב׳

)

Adar (

called Adar

Beit

in leap years)

12 

(

13 in leap years)

29 days

February-March

Slide3

Slide4

Nisan

Pesach

Yom

HaShoah

Slide5

Pesach

Date: Nisan 15-22 (falls in March or April of Gregorian calendar)

Pesach is the festival of freedom. It commemorates

Moses freeing the Israelites from their enslavement under the Pharaoh in Egypt.

The

festival lasts for eight days and during that time no 'leavened' food

may

be consumed. Jews who come from the Middle East, known as Sephardi Jews, will eat rice and pulses, but European Jews (known as Ashkenazi Jews) won't.

Slide6

Pesach

Actions:

On

the first two

nights of Pesach,

a service known as a Seder is held - here the story of the Passover and the Jewish exodus from Egypt is

told, using a

book called the Haggadah. At a Seder, it is customary for those attending to lean to their left to show that they are no longer bound by the restrictions of slavery imposed by the Pharaoh of Egypt and may sit however they please. Four cups of wine are also drunk during the service, and a celebratory meal is eaten.

Slide7

PesachHome ritual/symbol:

Preparation

- The process of cleaning the home of all

chametz

in preparation for Pesach is an enormous

task taking several weeks!

After the cleaning is completed, the morning before the

seder, a formal search of the house for chametz is undertaken, and any remaining chametz is burned.The day before Pesach is the Fast of the Firstborn, a minor fast for all firstborn males, commemorating the fact that the firstborn Jewish males in Egypt were not killed during the final plague.

When Pesach occurs immediately after Shabbat... This

complicates the process of preparing for Pesach, because many of the preparations normally undertaken on the day before Pesach cannot be performed on Shabbat. The Fast of the Firstborn, normally observed on the day before Pesach, is observed on Thursday instead. The search for

chametz

, normally performed on the night before Pesach, is performed on Thursday night.

Slide8

PesachSymbol:

Chametz

– or the avoidance of it! This

commemorates the fact that the Jews leaving Egypt were in a hurry, and did not have time to let their bread rise. It is also a symbolic way of removing the "

puf

finess" (arrogance, pride) from our

souls.

We may not eat chametz during Pesach; we may not even own it or feed it to pets or cattle. All chametz

, including utensils used to cook

chametz

, must either be disposed of or sold to a non-Jew (they can be repurchased after the holiday).

Pets’

diets must be changed for the holiday, or the pets must be sold to a non-Jew (like the food and utensils, the pets can be repurchased after the holiday ends

).

Seder

plate – the

seder plate holds at least six of the ritual items that are talked about during the seder: the shankbone, karpas, chazeret, charoset, maror, and egg.

Slide9

Pesach

Slide10

PesachThe Seder Plate explained:

A roasted lamb

shankbone

(

zeroah

) commemorates

the paschal (lamb) sacrifice made the night the ancient Hebrews fled Egypt. Some people say it symbolizes the outstretched arm of God (the Hebrew word

zeroah can mean “arm”). Instead of a bone, a roasted beet can be used. This isn’t a new idea; the great Biblical and Talmudic commentator Rashi suggested it back in the eleventh century.

A roasted egg (

baytsah

) is a symbol in many different cultures, usually signifying springtime and renewal. Here it stands in place of one of the sacrificial offerings which was performed in the days of the Second Temple. Another popular interpretation is that the egg is like the Jewish people: the hotter you make it for them, the tougher they get. This egg isn’t

eaten

during the meal; the shell just needs to look really roasted.

A bitter herb (

maror

) – horseradish is

the most common. Bitter herbs bring tears to the eyes and recall the bitterness of slavery. The seder refers to the slavery in Egypt, but people are called to look at their own bitter enslavements, whether addiction or habit.Charoset, which is the opposite of the maror. Charoset is a sweet mix

of apples, nuts,

wine

and cinnamon

which

represents the mortar used by the Hebrew slaves to make bricks

.

Slide11

PesachThe Seder Plate explained:

Karpas

– a green vegetable, usually parsley (though any spring green will do). While

karpas

may symbolise the freshness of spring, others say people eat it to make them feel like nobility or aristocracy. Some families still use boiled potatoes for

karpas

, continuing a tradition from Eastern Europe where it was difficult to obtain fresh green vegetables.

Chazeret – a second bitter herb, most often romaine lettuce, but people also use the leafy greens of a horseradish or carrot plant. The symbolism is the same as that of maror.Salt water – this symbolizes the tears and sweat of enslavement. Paradoxically, it’s also a symbol for purity, springtime, and the sea – the mother of all life. Often a single bowl of salt water sits on the table into which each person dips their karpas during the

seder

. Then, it’s traditional to begin the actual

seder

meal with each person eating a hardboiled egg (not the roasted egg!) dipped in the bowl of salt water.

Matzah

– perhaps the most important symbol on the seder

table is a plate that has a stack of three pieces of

matzah

(unleavened bread) on it, covered with a cloth. There are numerous interpretations for the three matzot. Some say they represent the Kohen class (the Jewish priests in ancient times), the Levis (who supported the priests), and the Israelites (the rest of the Jews). What symbolism you attribute to this trinity isn't all that important, as long as you’re thinking about it.An orange – the orange is a recent addition to the seder plate and not one that is used in every Jewish home. It is a symbol that represents including women and homosexuals in Jewish tradition as both groups have often been marginalised.

Slide12

PesachOther symbols at Pesach:

During

the struggles of Soviet Jewry, a fourth piece of

matzah

was added to the

seder

plate to symbolize the struggles of Jews who were not yet free enough to celebrate the Passover. Today, some families still use that fourth

matzah as a way of remembering all people who are not yet free to celebrate as they wish.Wine cups and wine (or grape juice): Everyone at the seder has a (usually very small) cup or glass from which they drink four cups of wine. Traditionally, the four cups represent the four biblical promises of redemption: “I will bring you out from under the burdens of the Egyptians, and I will rid you from their slavery, and I will redeem you with an outstretched arm, and with great judgments. And I will take you to me for a people . . .” Others say the four cups represent the four letters in the unspeakable Name of God.

Slide13

PesachColour:

Although there is no traditional colour, some consider the colour

of

Pesach to be brown. This is

indicated by the roasted meat, the

matzah

, and the barley and wheat whose harvests are beginning. Brown is the

colour of the desert and of Israel's parched summer landscape.The brown of Pesach is contrasted with the green of Sukkot six months later.

Slide14

Yom HaShoah

Date: Nisan 27 (falls in April or May of Gregorian calendar)

A

day of commemoration for the approximately six million Jews who

were killed in

the

Shoah

(Holocaust). In Israel, it is a national memorial day. It was inaugurated in 1953.Yom HaShoah is held on the 27th of Nisan,

unless the 27th would be adjacent to Shabbat, in which case the date is shifted

back or forward by

a day

.

Slide15

Yom HaShoah

Actions:

Conservative and Reform communities have incorporated Yom

HaShoah

liturgies into their

siddurim

(

prayerbooks).These liturgies typically include the lighting of a candle (often each member of the congregation lights one), modern poems, El Malei

Rahamim

(which is a funeral prayer from the Ashkenazi tradition) and the Mourner's

Kaddish

.

Orthodox Judaism has taken an interesting, alternative stance

.

Orthodox Jews (as a general rule) do not mourn for victims of the

Shoah on 27 Nisan because Judaism has specific laws prohibiting fasting and mourning in the month of Nisan, which is considered to be a month of happiness. Another view, is that contemporary Jews do not have the power to institute new days of mourning or commemoration for future generations. Orthodox Jews instead remember the Shoah on 10 Tevet, which is a fasting day.

Slide16

Yom HaShoah

Symbol:

Although there are no particular symbols associated with the actual day of Yom

HaShoah

, symbols

of remembrance of the victims of the Holocaust

are used year-round.

These include transcriptions of lists of names of the victims and eternal flames, such as one that burns in the Hall of Remembrance (Ohel Yizkor) in Yad Vashem

, Israel.

Slide17

Iyar

Yom

Ha’atzmaut

Lag

Ba’Omer

Slide18

Yom Ha’atzmaut

Date: Generally 5 Iyar (falls in April or May of Gregorian calendar)

Yom

Ha’atzmaut

is the national day of Israel, commemorating the Israeli Declaration of Independence in 1948

.

The original ‘Western’ date was the 14th of May, 1948.

Slide19

Yom Ha’atzmaut

Actions:

Conservative Judaism instituted

the reading of a Torah portion for the day, Deuteronomy 7:12–8:18, as well as the inclusion of a version of Al

Hanisim

(a prayer for miracles,

similar to those recited on Chanukah and Purim). Some Conservative synagogues also read the haftarah (reading from a prophet) of Isaiah 10:32–12:6, which is also read on the last day of Pesach in the Diaspora (the Jewish community outside of Israel).

The Reform Movement

usually includes

Ya'aleh

V'yavo

, a prayer which is also

included on Rosh

Chodesh

(the New Month), Shalosh Regalim (the Pilgrimage Festivals), Rosh Hashanah, and Yom Kippur.

Slide20

Yom Ha’atzmaut

Home ritual/symbol:

There is not yet an accepted "tradition" of how to celebrate this

holiday. Over time, no doubt, certain

customs, foods, prayers, and melodies will be linked in the Jewish mind with

Yom

Ha'atzmaut

. However, for Jews around the world, joining with Israelis celebrating Yom Ha'atzmaut has become a concrete link in the Jewish connection to the land of Israel.

Slide21

Yom Ha’atzmaut

Symbol:

Synagogues, Jewish schools

or community

centres

will

sometimes host

an Israel fair or concert. The traditional food on Yom Ha'atzmaut is Israeli food, such as pitta, fallafel and hummus.

Slide22

Yom Ha’atzmaut

Colour:

Blue and white – like the Israeli flag.

In

Israel, flags are hung from every available window and lamp-post

.

Slide23

Lag Ba’Omer

Date: 18 Iyar (falls in April or May of Gregorian calendar)

Lag

Ba'Omer

is a joyous holiday but no one is

quite sure exactly what

it

celebrates! Some suggest that Lag Ba'Omer is connected to Rabbi Akiva's support of Simon Bar Kokhba

, a Jewish rebel leader against Rome. The Romans responded to Bar

Kokhba's

revolt with incredible brutality, but perhaps Lag

Ba'Omer

was a day when either the Jews won a victory or there was a brief respite from the violence. (Ultimately, Bar

Kokbha's

rebellion failed.)

The Talmud

also mentions a plague that is thought to have killed 24,000 of Rabbi Akiva's students during this time, and some have suggested that Lag Ba'Omer is celebratory because the plague abated on the 33rd day.It also celebrates the anniversary of the passing of the great sage and mystic Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai, author of the Zohar.

Slide24

Lag Ba’Omer

Actions:

Although the Counting of the Omer (the days between Pesach and Shavuot) is a semi-mourning period, this is lifted for Lag

Ba’Omer

.

Tachanun

, the prayer for special Divine mercy on one's behalf is not said, because when God is showing one a "smiling face," so to speak, as God does especially on the holidays, there is no need to ask for special mercy

.Some synagogue schools have turned Lag B'Omer into a day for honouring their religious school teachers. Special assemblies and parties are held, and awards are often given to the teachers.

Slide25

Lag Ba’Omer

Home ritual/symbol:

Because

all restrictions of mourning are lifted on

Lag

Ba’Omer

, weddings

, parties, listening to music, and haircuts are commonly scheduled to coincide with this day. Families go on picnics and outings. Children go out to the fields with their teachers with bows and rubber-tipped arrows.

People

also often gather for large bonfires

.

Slide26

Lag Ba’Omer

Symbol:

Bonfires - On Lag

Ba’Omer

, people

often gather for large bonfires. The fires represent the light of the Torah

.

Bow and arrows – Two differing theories! 1) The legend that rainbows did not appear during the lifetime of Shimon Bar Yochai because he was such a good person. The word for "bow" in Hebrew is the same as the word for "rainbow," therefore children play with bows and arrows to remember Bar Yochai

.

2) That

the students of Rabbi

Akiba

deceived the Romans by carrying bows and arrows to pretend that they were hunting, when in fact they were studying Torah, which the Romans had forbidden.

Slide27

Sivan

Shavuot

Slide28

Shavuot

Date: 6 Sivan (falls in May or June of Gregorian calendar)

Shavuot is a harvest festival which also marks the giving of the Torah to Moses on Mount Sinai.

The

Book of Ruth is recited as part of the program of study for Shavuot night. Additionally, in many synagogues it is read publicly on the second day of Shavuot

.

Slide29

ShavuotActions:

At synagogue services on Shavuot morning, the biblical book of Ruth is read.

On the night of Shavuot, it is customary to study all night in

Tikkun

Leil

Shavuot

, which means “an act of self-perfection on the night of Shavuot”.

Slide30

ShavuotActions:

Why Ruth?

Ruth

was a non-Jewish woman whose love for God and Torah led her to convert to Judaism. The Torah intimates that the souls of eventual converts were also present at Sinai, as it says:

“I

am making [the covenant] both with those here today before the Lord our God, and also with those not here today

.”

(Deut. 29:13)Ruth also became the ancestor of King David. Tradition tells that King David was born on Shavuot and died on Shavuot.

Finally,

the

scenes of harvesting described in the book of Ruth are appropriate to the Festival of Harvest

.

Slide31

ShavuotHome ritual/symbol:

Eating dairy

foods

(often cheesecake) on

Shavuot. There are four potential reasons for this:

The Biblical book Song of Songs (4:11) refers to the sweet nourishing value of Torah by saying: "It drips from your lips, like honey and milk under your tongue."

The verse in Exodus 23:19 juxtaposes the holiday of Shavuot with the prohibition of mixing milk and meat. On Shavuot, we therefore eat separate meals – one of milk and one of meat.

Upon receiving the Torah at Mount Sinai, the Jews immediately became obligated in the laws of Sh'chita – slaughter of animals. Since they did not have time to prepare kosher meat, they ate dairy instead.The numerical value of milk – chalav – is 40. This hints to the 40 days that Moses spent atop Mount Sinai, and the 40 years the Jews spent wandering the desert.

Pilgrimage to the Western Wall in Israel. Following the Six Day War in 1967, the

Western Wall first became open to visitors

on the day of Shavuot. Over 200,000 visitors travelled there on foot. This

has become a recurring tradition.

Biblically, this tradition also has precedence. Shavuot

is one of Judaism's three main pilgrimage festivals, where the entire nation would gather in Jerusalem for celebration and study.

Slide32

ShavuotSymbol:

It

is customary to decorate the synagogue with branches and flowers. This is because Mount Sinai blossomed with flowers on the day the Torah was given

.

Slide33

Tamuz

No holidays!

Slide34

Av

Tishah

Be’Av

Slide35

Tisha B’Av

Date: Generally 9 Av (falls in July or August of Gregorian calendar)

The 9th of Av,

Tisha

b'Av

, commemorates a list of catastrophes

in Jewish history. Tradition holds that this day must therefore be a day specially cursed by God.Tisha B'Av

is never observed on Shabbat. If the 9th of Av falls on a Saturday, the fast is postponed until the 10th of Av

.

Slide36

Tisha B’Av

History:

In the

year

1313 BCE, the

Israelites are in the desert, recently having experienced the miraculous Exodus, and are now poised to enter the Promised Land.

That

night, the 9th of Av, the people cry out of worry that they will be slaughered by the Canaanites. God, displeased by this public demonstration of distrust in God’s power, keeps that

generation of Israelites

from entering

the Holy Land. Only their children have that privilege, after wandering in the desert for another 38 years.

The First Temple was also destroyed on the 9th of Av (423 BCE).

Five

centuries later (in 69 CE),

the

Second Temple was destroyed the same day as the first

.

Slide37

Tisha B’Av

History:

When

the Jews rebelled against Roman

rule in 133 CE, the Jewish

rebels were brutally butchered in the final battle at

Betar

on the 9th of Av.One year after their conquest of Betar, the Romans plowed over the Temple Mount,

the nation's

holiest site.

The Jews were expelled from England in 1290 CE

on

Tisha

B'Av

.

In

1492, the Golden Age of Spain came to a close when Queen Isabella and her husband Ferdinand ordered that the Jews be banished from the land. The Hebrew date on which no Jew was allowed any longer to remain in the land was the 9th of Av.

Slide38

Tisha B’Av

History:

World

War II and the

Holocaust is often considered by historians to be the conclusion

of World War I that began in 1914

. Germany

declared war on Russia, setting the First World War into motion, on the 9th of Av. During the Shoah, the first trains to go east to Auschwitz in 1942 did so on the eve of Tisha

b’Av

.

Slide39

Tisha B’Av

Actions:

Lights

in the synagogue are dimmed, candles are lit, and the curtain is removed from the Ark. The cantor leads the prayers in a low, mournful voice

.

The Book of

Eicha

(Lamentations) is read both at night and during the day.In the morning, the Torah portion of Deuteronomy 4:25-40 is read, containing the prophecy regarding Israel's future iniquity and exile. This is followed by the Haftorah

(reading from the Prophets) from

Jeremiah (8:13, 9:1-23) describing the desolation of Zion.

In the afternoon, Exodus 32:11-14 is read. This is followed by the

Haftorah

from Isaiah 55-56.

Since

Tallis

and Tefillin represent glory and decoration, they are not worn at Shacharit. Rather, they are worn at Mincha, after certain mourning restrictions are lifted.Prayers for comforting Zion are recited.Tisha B’Av

is a fasting day.

Slide40

Tisha B’Av

Home ritual/symbol:

During the afternoon prior to

Tisha

B'Av

, it is customary to eat a full meal in preparation for the fast

. At the end of the afternoon, Jews eat the Seudah Hamaf-seket – a meal consisting only of bread, water, and a hard-boiled egg

.

The restrictions on

Tisha

B'Av

are similar to those on Yom Kippur: to refrain from eating and drinking (even water); washing, bathing, shaving or wearing cosmetics; wearing leather shoes; engaging in sexual relations; and studying Torah. Work in the ordinary sense of the word [rather than the Shabbat sense] is also restricted

.

Many of the traditional mourning practices are observed: people refrain from smiles, laughter and idle conversation, and sit on low stools.

Slide41

Tisha B’Av

Symbol:

The

egg

in the

Seudah

Hamaf-seket meal has two symbols: The round shape reminds us of a sign of the cycle of life. Also, the egg is the only food which gets harder the more it is cooked – a symbol of the Jewish people's ability to withstand persecution.Food eaten at the Seudah

Hamaf-seket

(the meal above) is

dipped in ashes, symbolic of mourning.

The

meal should preferably be eaten alone, while seated on the ground in mourner's fashion

.

Slide42

Tisha B’Av

Colour:

The ark

(the special cabinet

where the Torah is kept) is draped in black.

Slide43

Elul

No holidays!

Slide44

Tishri

Rosh Hashanah

Yom Kippur

Sukkot

Simchat

Torah

Slide45

Rosh Hashanah

Date: 1 Tishri (usually falls in September of Gregorian calendar)

Rosh Hashanah is commonly referred to as the Jewish New Year.

On Rosh Hashanah, God writes the fate of each person for the coming year into the “book of life”. God waits until Yom

Kippur (10 days later)

to ‘seal’

this

fate.

Slide46

Rosh Hashanah

Actions:

On the first day of Rosh Hashanah, Genesis

21

is

read

– Isaac’s

birth and his growth to manhood; Abraham’s banishment of Ishmael; and Abraham’s peace treaty with Abimelech. This portion is chosen for Rosh Hashanah because Isaac was born on Rosh Hashanah. The Haftarah (reading from the Prophets) on the first day of Rosh Hashanah is from the first part of the Book of Samuel.Genesis (22: 1-24) is read on the second day. It deals mainly with the binding of Isaac. Abraham obeys the voice of God and offers Isaac as a sacrifice; Isaac willingly complies. The second day’s

Haftarah

is from the Book of Jeremiah.

Prayers

at

Rosh Hashanah are read from

a special

prayerbook

called a

Machzor. Hallel (joyful psalms of praise to God) are not said on Rosh Hashanah - it is felt inappropriate to say Hallel during the Days of Awe when we are very conscious that God is sitting in judgment over us.

Slide47

Rosh Hashanah

Home ritual/symbol:

Eating sweet foods! It

is customary to eat apples dipped in honey. The apples remind Jews of the ‘roundness’ of the year and the hope that the coming year will be fruitful. The honey represents the wish for a sweet year. Sweet carrots, cooked with sugar, raisins or prunes are served with the Rosh

Hashanah

meal, again in the hope of a sweet year

.

Eating pomegranate – a pomegranate is said to have 613 seeds, which corresponds with the number of mitzvot (commandments or good deeds) in the Torah. Eating pomegranate on Rosh Hashanah shows a

hope that we will perform all the

mitzvot

of the Torah during the coming year.

Sending Rosh Hashanah cards to wish others a happy and sweet new year. A common

greeting on Rosh

Hashanah

is:

“

L’shanah tovah tikateivu” – “May you be inscribed (in The Book of Life) for a good year”.

Slide48

Rosh Hashanah

Symbol:

The shofar is the

most

important symbol of Rosh

Hashanah

. It is a horn or trumpet made from the horn of a kosher animal (but not from a

cow – that would be associated with the sin of the Golden Calf). The shofar is sounded on both days of Rosh Hashanah, a minimum of 30 times (but commonly 100 times or 101 times). The Shofar is blown using four different calls:

Tekiah

– one long sound

Shevarim

– three shorter blasts

Teruah

– nine fast tootsTekiah Gedolah – a sustained blast, if possible 27 beats longThe Shofar is NOT sounded if it is also Shabbat.

Slide49

Rosh Hashanah

Colour:

On Rosh Hashanah, many Jews wear white as a symbol of purity.

The curtain across the ark and the Torah covers are

also white.

They show that mistakes will be “whitened like snow

”.

Slide50

Yom Kippur

Date: 10 Tishri (falls in September or October of Gregorian calendar)

Yom Kippur (also known as the  ‘Day of Atonement’) marks the end of the Ten Days of Repentance. These days begin with Rosh Hashanah, the Jewish New Year. On Rosh Hashanah, God writes the fate of each person for the coming year into the “book of life”. God waits until Yom Kippur to ‘seal’ the fate.

Yom Kippur is the holiest day of the Jewish calendar – it is considered ‘Shabbat

Shabbaton

’ – the Sabbath of Sabbaths (Leviticus 23:32).

Scripture link: "For on this day He will forgive you, to purify you, that you be cleansed from all your sins before G-d" (Leviticus 16:30).

Slide51

Yom Kippur

Actions:

There is a prohibition to engage in the five

Innuyim

("afflictions“). This prohibits Jews from eating and drinking, washing one’s body, anointing one’s body, wearing leather shoes and engaging in sexual intercourse during the 26 hours of Yom Kippur.

These things aren’t considered ‘bad’ or ‘sinful’, nor is it a punitive measure to prohibit these activities. Rather, the five afflictions are all external things concerned with the body, rather than the soul. Atonement is ‘at-one-

ment

’ – returning to one’s self (in the form of the inherent purity of one’s soul).On Yom Kippur, every Jew becomes like an angel – a completely spiritual being, closer to God because of the lack of earthly distraction.

Slide52

Yom Kippur

Home ritual/symbol:

Because

fasting on Yom Kippur is not

supposed to be about punishment or suffering, it

is considered a

mitzvah

(commandment) to eat well on the day before Yom Kippur. Therefore, the final meal before Yom Kippur should be a joyful one. At the end of the meal, children are blessed by their father with a special blessing.Before leaving home to go to the Kol Nidre service at

synagogue, Jews light a memorial

(

yahrzeit

)

candle.

This candle burns in the home for 24 hours. It reminds

Jews of

all those people who have died, in

individual families and in the world. After Yom Kippur has finished, the yahrzeit candle is used to light the havdalah candle as part of the havdalah ceremony to mark the end of the day.

Slide53

Yom Kippur

Symbol:

The number five is strongly connected with Yom Kippur and atonement.

There are five afflictions (prohibited activities for Yom Kippur day)

T

here are

f

ive Books of the Torah which are accepted without allowing physical needs to interveneThere are five senses with which people performs mitzvot (obligations) and commit transgressionsThe term nefesh (soul) is mentioned five times in the Yom Kippur Torah reading At the time of the Temple, there were five immersions of the Kohen

Gadol

(High Priest) on Yom Kippur

There are five prayer services on the Yom Kippur day

Slide54

Yom Kippur

Colour:

On Yom Kippur, many Jews wear white as a symbol of purity.

The curtain across the ark and the Torah covers are the white ones that have been used since Rosh Hashanah. They continue to show that mistakes will be “whitened like snow”.

Slide55

Sukkot

Date: 15 Tishri (falls in September or October of Gregorian calendar)

For forty years,

the Israelites wandered the

Sinai Desert prior to their entry into the Holy Land, miraculous "clouds of glory" surrounded and hovered over them, shielding them from the dangers and discomforts of the desert.

Sukkot commemorates God's

kindness and

reaffirms Jewish trust in God’s providence by dwelling in a sukkah – a hut of temporary construction with a roof-covering of branches – for the duration of the autumn Sukkot festival. During the Festival of Sukkot, for seven days and nights, Jews eat all

meals

in the

sukkah, recite

a special blessing

and

otherwise regard it as their home.

Slide56

Sukkot

Actions:

On

each day of the festival (except Shabbat), during the daytime hours, we take the Four Kinds, recite a blessing over them, bring them together in our hands and wave them in all six directions: right, left, forward, up, down and to the rear. (The Four Kinds are also an integral part of the holiday's daily morning service

.)

Every

day of Sukkot, including

Chol Hamoed, we recite the complete Hallel, Hoshanot, and Musaf

, and the Torah is read during the morning service

.

The

seventh day of Sukkot is called

Hoshanah

Rabbah

("Great Salvation"). According to tradition, the verdict for the new year – which is written on Rosh Hashanah and sealed on Yom Kippur – is not handed down

until

Hoshanah Rabbah. On this day we encircle the bimah (synagogue reading table) seven times while holding the Four Kinds and offering special prayers for prosperity during the upcoming year. During the course of the morning prayers it is also traditional to take a bundle of five willow branches and beat them against the ground five times.

Slide57

SukkotHome ritual/symbol:

Sukkot runs from the

15

th

through

the

21

st of Tishrei. The first two days of this festival (in Israel, only the first day) are a major holiday, when most forms of work are prohibited. On the preceding nights, women and girls light candles, reciting the appropriate blessings, and we enjoy nightly and daily festive meals, accompanied by the Kiddush.The remaining days of the festival are Chol

Hamoed

("intermediate days"), when most forms of work are permitted. We try to avoid going to work, writing, and certain other activities – many families use this time to enjoy fun family outings

.

Arba

Minim

is a man's obligation. For women, it's optional but encouraged

.

Slide58

SukkotSymbol:

The

Arba

Minim

– the Four Kinds:

A

palm branch (

lulav), two willows (aravot), a minimum of three myrtles (haddasim), and one citron (etrog). The first three kinds are neatly bundled together.Jewish

unity is one of the central themes of Sukkot. The four kinds

are supposed to symbolise

four types of Jews, with differing levels of Torah knowledge and observance. Bringing them together represents our unity as a nation—despite our external differences

.

Slide59

SukkotColour:

The colour

of Sukkot is green, indicated by the

colours

of the Four

Kinds (including

the

etrog, which ripens from green to yellow), and of the green branches covering the sukkah. Green is also the colour of Israel's lush, rain-drenched winter landscape.Sukkot finds itself on the opposite side of the Jewish calendar as Pesach. As such, the green, lush landscape of Sukkot represents the opposite of the brown, parched landscape of the time of Pesach.

Slide60

Simchat Torah

Date: 22 Tishri (falls in September or October of Gregorian calendar)

Sukkot is immediately followed by the

holiday

of

Simchat

Torah.At Simchat Torah, death and life are closely linked. The

Torah reading cycle reaches its final

episode at the end of Deuteronomy,

the death of Moses.

Just a moment later, the cycle is restarted “

In the beginning

”, affirming life through

Bereshit

(Genesis), the Creation of the world.

Slide61

Simchat Torah

Actions:

The main celebration of

Simchat

Torah takes place in the synagogue during evening and morning services.

The

Simchat

Torah festivities begin with the evening service. All the synagogue's Torah scrolls are removed from the ark and are carried around the sanctuary in a series of seven hakafot (circuits). The dancing and singing with the Torah often continues much longer, and may overflow from the synagogue onto the streets.In the morning, the last

parashah

of Deuteronomy and the first

parashah

of Genesis are read in the synagogue.

On

each occasion, when the ark is opened, all the worshippers leave their seats to dance and sing with all the Torah scrolls in a joyous celebration that often lasts for several hours and more.

Slide62

Simchat Torah

Symbol:

The Torah

-

The

Torah

scrolls are placed proudly

on show. The Torah is honoured, kissed, turned to, and passed lovingly around.

The number seven - All

the synagogue's Torah scrolls are removed from the ark and are carried around the sanctuary in a series of seven

hakafot

(circuits).

These seven circuits are

reminiscent of the seven circles at a wedding,

symbolising the

joining together of a couple which continues the work of Creation, completed in seven days

.

Slide63

Cheshvan

No holidays!

Slide64

Kislev

Chanukah

Slide65

Chanukah

Date: 25 Kislev (falls in December of Gregorian calendar)

Chanukah celebrates the ‘miracle of the oil’ and marks

the rededication of the Temple of Jerusalem after its recapture from the Syrian Greeks

165 BCE.

The

legend of a miracle is recorded in the

Talmud – the burning of a day's supply of pure olive oil for eight days, until fresh jars of clean oil could be brought into the temple. The Book of Second Maccabees, one of the earliest sources on the origins of Chanukah, connects the eight days of the festival with the eight-day observance of

Sukkot.

According to the text, the first

Chanukah in

164

BCE

was celebrated as a delayed Sukkot, since the Maccabees had been unable to observe the holiday properly while they were fighting in the hills

.

Slide66

Chanukah

Actions:

Jews don’t need to go to synagogue because Chanukah is celebrated at home.

However, there is often a synagogue (or community) celebration on the first night of Chanukah. There is also often a

special service at the synagogue on the

first night and/or eighth night

of

Chanukah.

Slide67

ChanukahHome ritual/symbol:

Every community has its unique Hanukkah traditions, but there are some traditions that are almost universally

practiced:

Lighting

the

chanukkiyah

– the

chanukkiyah is lit every night for eight nights. The idea is, each night, to bring more light into the world.Spinning the dreidel – a popular Chanukah game

is spinning the

dreidel

, which is a four-sided top with Hebrew letters written on each

side.

Eating

fried

foods – because Hanukkah

celebrates the miracle of oil, it is traditional to eat fried foods such as

latkes and sufganiyot during the holiday.

Slide68

ChanukahSymbol:

Chanukkiyah

Light

The

Dreidel

, with the

Hebrew letters

נ (Nun) ג (Gimel) ה (Hei)

ש

(Shin), which

together form the acronym

for “

N

es

G

adol

Hayah Sham” – “a great miracle happened there”).Chocolate coins for children – ‘Chanukah gelt’Oily foods – latkes

(potato pancakes),

sufganiyot

(jelly donuts)

Slide69

ChanukahColour:

There are no traditional, biblical colours for Chanukah

.

However, because

of

the influence of Christmas (and the

fact

that Christmas has traditional colours), the colours of the Israeli Flag (blue and white) are used as Chanukah colours. This

practice is only about 40 years old.

The

blue and

white (or sometimes silver)

that are often seen in

Chanukah decorations

represent Judaism in general. In ancient times, a blue dye called

tekhelet

was very sought after, and became one of the colours in Jewish prayer shawls and in the Israeli flag.

Slide70

Tevet

No holidays!

Slide71

Shevat

Tu

B’Shevat

Slide72

Tu B’Shevat

Date: 15 Shevat (falls in January or February of Gregorian calendar)

Tu

B’Shevat

(meaning the 15

th

of Shevat) is the ‘New Year for Trees’. This is the season in which the earliest-blooming trees in Israel begin a new fruit-bearing cycle.It is a minor post-biblical festival.

As

there are a number of rules in the Torah apply to the fruit of trees, such as tithing,

Tu

B’Shevat

is, essentially, an ‘accounting period’ - the point at which a budding fruit is considered to belong to the next year of the cycle is the 15th of Shevat

.

Slide73

Tu B’Shevat

Actions:

We mark the day of

Tu

B’Shevat

by eating fruit, particularly from the kinds that are singled out by the Torah in its praise of the bounty of the Holy Land: grapes, figs, pomegranates, olives and dates. On this day we remember that

each human is “a tree of the field” (Deuteronomy 20:19), and reflect on the lessons we can derive from nature and biology.Jews typically take part in a Tu

Be’Shevat

seder

– either at home or in a community

seder

at a synagogue.

As

Tu

B’Shevat is a festival of trees, at this seder, Jews drink four cups of wine or grape juice, plus 15 different types of fruits and nuts.

Slide74

Tu B’Shevat

Home ritual/symbol:

There is a

very strong tradition of donating money to buy trees

in Israel, so as

to enrich the soil and to prevent erosion as well as to provide fruit and shade.

Another

variant of this tradition is to plant trees in one’s own country, which can be combined with honouring famous people or deceased relatives.

Slide75

Tu B’Shevat

Symbol:

Fifteen is

the numerical value of the Hebrew letters spelling “TU”

(

Tet

and Vav). For this reason, 15 different types of fruit and/or nut are eaten on Tu B’Shevat. These fruits and nuts are typically things that grow in Israel. Five from each ‘category’ is eaten:

Fruits

or nuts with an inedible outer shell and an edible inner

core. These include pineapple

, coconut, orange,

banana

, walnut, pecan, grapefruit,

starfruit

,

pinenut, pomegranate, papaya, brazil nut, pistachio, or almond. (The whole fruit or nut is purchased so that the outer shell can be removed during the seder). Fruits with edible outer flesh and pithy, inedible cores. These include olive, date, cherry, peach, apricot, persimmon,

avocado or plum. (The

whole fruit

is purchased so that the pit

or core

can be removed during

the seder

).

Fruits

which are edible throughout.

The

symbolic fruits may be eaten entirely and

include

: strawberry, grape, raisin, fig, raspberry, blueberry,

cranberry or kiwi.

Slide76

Adar

Purim

Slide77

Purim

Date: 14 Adar (falls in February or March of Gregorian calendar)

Purim recalls the story of Esther, a Queen who foiled a plot by one of her advisors, Haman, to kill all the Jews

.

Purim is such a popular holiday that the ancient

Rabbis

declared that it alone would continue to be celebrated after the Messiah

comes! All other holidays will not be celebrated in the messianic days.

Slide78

PurimActions:

The Scroll of Esther (also called the

Megillah

) is read

in

synagogue.

During the reading, whenever Haman’s

name is mentioned, people boo, howl, hoot and shake noisemakers (called groggers) to express their dislike of him. Hearing the Megillah reading is a

mitzvah

that

applies to both women and men

.

At

the conclusion of the Megillah

reading, many synagogues will put on plays

that re-enact

the Purim Story and poke fun at the villain. Many synagogues also host Purim Carnivals.

Slide79

PurimHome ritual/symbol:

Jews must

send

mishloach

manot

to others. Mishloach manot are baskets filled with food and drink. According to Jewish law, each basket must contain at least two different kinds of food that is ready to eat

.

Jews are also commanded to be especially charitable during

Purim, giving to charities and needy people.

On Purim,

Jews are

supposed

to enjoy a festive

meal as

part of the holiday celebration. After the meal, pastries called Hamentaschen (‘ears of Haman’) are eaten - these are triangular and filled with poppy seeds, jam or fruit.One of the most interesting commandments related to Purim has to do with drinking. According to Jewish law, adults of drinking age are supposed to drink until they can't tell the difference between Mordechai (a hero in the Purim story) and Haman (the villain).

Slide80

PurimSymbol:

Purim is a day for parties and celebrations, and fancy dress is traditional. Even the Rabbi will dress up in a silly costume for the service! The tradition of dressing up is based upon the way Esther concealed her Jewish identity at the beginning of the Purim Story.

On Purim,

the wine (or

other alcohol) itself is

not symbolic.

Therefore,

the nature of the obligation is not defined by volume, but rather, by the effect upon the drinker.

Slide81