Wave Energy Conversion (WEC) Technologies - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Wave Energy Conversion (WEC) Technologies

Michael Raftery M.E.Martin & Ottaway, Inc.

Slide2

Historic – Inactive Projects

Slide3

Salter (Edinburgh) Duck (6MW?)

https://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/green-science/salters-duck1.htm

http://www.homepages.ed.ac.uk/v1ewaveg/

Slide4

The Duck is a crest-spanning, spine-mounted, slack-moored, deep-water, floating, electricity-generating, terminator. Tank tests showed that it could capture energy from regular waves with great efficiency. Development of 'smart' dynamometers using force-based transducers with analogue electronics showed how to get more and more power out of mixed and ever-changing sea-states. The final goal was to get near to the utopia of real-time 'complex-conjugate' control. The engineering challenge was how to build these ideas into a system that would convert the raw sea power into electric current suitable for grid connection and survive at sea. As the 'power-take-off' designs evolved, they gave birth to a new generation of high-pressure oil-hydraulics that now finds much wider application. No sea trials have been run. A theoretical maximum size of 6MW is mentioned on the website

http://www.homepages.ed.ac.uk/v1ewaveg/

Slide5

TAPCHAN 350 kW

https://taperedchannelwaveenergy.weebly.com/tapchan-model.html

Slide6

https://taperedchannelwaveenergy.weebly.com/tapchan-model.html

This version of the TAPCHAN was shut down due to storm damage in 1988

Slide7

Advanced Research Technologies (ART) –

Wavegen

OSPREY 2MW OWC

http://eeru.open.ac.uk/natta/renew95.html

Slide8

OSPREY

• Sank in August 1995 off Clyde, Scotland

• 2-3 meter seas ruptured unfilled ballast

tanks during deployment

• Ballast tanks required sand for structural stability

Allan Thomson, the managing director of Applied Research and Technology, which made OSPREY, explained the problems to me. Of the first, he said insurance issues had to be decided and "I just daren't speculate about the cause until the position is clarified." The fact that the two compartments which were damaged were the two that later cracked could not "necessarily" be linked. Repairs were carried out on the Clyde before she was allowed to go to sea and they had been subject to "warranty survey." But he did add: "Obviously, once you get damage to a structure, anything that happens after that will continue to weaken it."

http://eeru.open.ac.uk/natta/renew95.html

Slide9

Mighty Whale 120 kW

www.jamstec.go.jp

Slide10

The Mighty Whale was a floating type OWC that was tested by JAMSTEC. A prototype was installed at a depth of 40 m in the mouth of

Gokasho

Bay, on the southeast coast of Japan, in the summer of 1998. The device was moored using a six mooring lines: four in the front and two in the rear. Tests were started in September of 1998, and continued until March 2002. The Mighty whale was a steel structure with a length of 50 m and a width of 30 m, and it held three air chambers with tandem Wells turbines. Two of the turbines were connected to 30 kW generators and the third one was connected both to a 50 kW generator and a 10 kW generator. Selection of generator was done electronically. All generators were of the squirrel-cage induction type.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032111003704

Slide11

SEAREV 80 kW?

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148115000798#fig5

Slide12

“…In 2013, an economical model for wave energy farms was developed to assess the viability and competitiveness of the SEAREV technology. Although results show that the SEAREV technology is a sound technical solution, the cost of energy projection is still too high to allow direct access to mass electricity market in European countries in the short term.

Cost of the full-scale SEAREV prototype (the first of its kind) was estimated to be 6.1 M€

2013

, similar to the SEAREV G1. However, as the expected energy production is at least twice that of the G1, the second generation G21 was a significant improvement of the technology…”

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148115000798

SEAREV development started in 2002

Slide13

CAPEX (k€/MW)

3500

[1000–6000]

Economical assessment of SEAREV

[39]

, test site SEM-REV operations spreadsheets, learning costs perspective.

OPEX (% CAPEX)

4%

[1.5%–6%]

Comparison with wind energy,

[40]

.

Lifetime (years)

20

[15–25]

Wind energy, industrial requirements, inputs from offshore industry.

Energy production (MWh/MW installed)

1500

[500–2500]

[40]

,

[41]

Inflation

2%

[1.5%–3%]

Internal rate of return

10%

[8%–15%]

Risk premium. One the technology will be proven, the IRR may be decreased to 8%

Mean scenario

Range

Range justification

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032111003704

Slide14

Wavedragon

1.5MW – 12MW

http://www.wavedragon.net/

Slide15

A 1:4.5 scale Wave dragon prototype launched in 2003 and was deployed in

Nissum

Bredning

(the Danish Wave Energy Test Center) a fjord in the northern part of Denmark. The prototype was tested continuously until January 2005. In 2006 a modified prototype was deployed to another test site with more energetic wave climate. In May 2008 maintenance and repairs were done and the prototype was re-deployed at the original test site in early autumn 2009 for final testing. The pre-commercial demonstrator (full scale) is planned to be installed in 2011/2012 in Wales and a 50 MW wave farm is considered for deployment in the Portuguese coast. However the financial crisis has caused a delay in the plans for deploying the first full scale device and Wave Dragon Ltd. is currently seeking venture capital.

https://tethys.pnnl.gov/annex-iv-sites/wave-dragon-pre-commercial-demonstration-project

http://www.wavedragon.net/

Slide16

Pelamis

750 kW Deployment

Courtesy

Pelamis

Wave Power, Ltd.

Slide17

Pelamis

Deployment Details

Pelamis

P1 2004

Pelamis

P2 2010

• Location: Aguçadoura, Portugal• Project boundary markers installed• Mooring spreads installed

• Subsea power cables installed

• Latch assemblies installed

• 3 units towed to sea and connected

Pelamis

went into administration in November 2014

Wave Energy Scotland

now owns their assets and IP

The P2-001 has been dismantled

http://www.emec.org.uk/about-us/wave-clients/pelamis-wave-power/

Slide18

Finavera

AquaBuOY

250 kW

http://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/11/09/aquabuoy_wave_power_renewable_sinks/

Slide19

AquaBuOY

Deployment

• 7 Sep 2007 Deployed off Reedsport, Oregon

• 27 Oct 2007 Sank due to bilge pump failure

• The unit did not have a redundant bilge pump

and was negatively buoyant with a flooded

buoyancy compartment

http://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/11/09/aquabuoy_wave_power_renewable_sinks/

Slide20

Trident Energy 20 kW-DECM

http://www.tridentenergy.co.uk

Slide21

Trident Energy - DECM

Direct Energy Conversion Module (DECM)

• 20 Sep 2009 unit overturns during

deployment

• 5 Oct 2009 unit recovered and returned to

Lowestoft

Harbor, Suffolk, England toassess damages

https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-suffolk-20268438

Slide22

Oregon State University 10kW

SeaBeav

I

Deployment Oct 2008

Courtesy Oregon State University

cemeold.ece.illinois.edu/seminars/CEME1009OregonState.pptx

Slide23

SeaBeav

I Deployment Details

•

SeaBeav

I was towed to sea by service

vessel (Pacific Storm) and connected to an

independent mooring system• Power cable was routed to service vesselto monitor performance

http://physics.oregonstate.edu/~giebultt/COURSES/ph313/PPT7/OSU_Waves.pdf

https://nnmrec.oregonstate.edu/sites/nnmrec.oregonstate.edu/files/advancing_wave_energy_a_von_jouanne_2013.pdf

cemeold.ece.illinois.edu/seminars/CEME1009OregonState.pptx

Slide24

Uppsala “UU WEC” 30 kW

http://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1143641/FULLTEXT01.pdf

www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/5/2/15

/pdf

Slide25

Norway, Maren Test Site 2009

Sotenäs, Swedish west coast 2014 – Present (Mar 2017 paper)

Ada

Foah

, Ghana 2015 - Present (Mar 2017 paper)

UU WEC Deployments

Project Vessels Advantages Disadvantages Accomplishments Crew Time Cost

Norway

Ulstein

Crane capacity Depth and divers 2 WECs w/buoys 10. 6 h/WEC 30%

Seloy

Substation w/cable

Sotenäs

Samson

DPsystem

, ROVs 2 WECs at a time 10 WECs 10 2.4 h/WEC 15%

Crane capacity Very slow

Dina star Vessel capacity Availability 25 WECs 31 1.92 h/WEC 50%

Crane capacity Cost

ROVs, mooring Pilot

GPS, DP system

Operating 24 h.

Pharaoh Low cost rate Positioning Substation 6 36 h/subst. 11%

Versatile Mooring

No DP system

Siem

Daya

2 Vessel capacity — Substation 30 4 h/subst. 24% Crane capacity ROVs GPS, DP system Mooring Operating 24 h.Ghana MV Craic Crane capacity No DP system 6 WECs 20 2.7 h/WEC >20% Small draftProject Vessel Detailshttp://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1143641/FULLTEXT01.pdf

Slide26

SDE Energy/WERPO 10 kW?

https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/

sea-waves-power-stations-to-be-sent-to-guinea-conakry-217359681.html

Slide27

AQUAMARINE OYSTER 800 kW

http://www.emec.org.uk/about-us/wave-clients/aquamarine-power/

Slide28

Aquamarine Power deployed and tested two full-scale Oyster devices at EMEC: the 315kW Oyster 1 and the second-generation 800kW Oyster 800, spending in excess of £3m in Orkney and working with over 40 local businesses. Oyster 800 was grid-connected in June 2012 at EMEC’s

Billia

Croo

test site until the test program ended in 2015, when the company ceased trading.

http://www.emec.org.uk/about-us/wave-clients/aquamarine-power/

Slide29

ARCHIMEDES WAVE SWING 250 kW

http://www.awsocean.com/archimedes-waveswing.html

Slide30

The

Waveswing

reacts to changes in sub-sea water pressure caused by passing waves and converts the resulting motion to electricity via a direct-drive generator.  The system is suitable for deployment in water depths in excess of 25m and can be configured for ratings between 25kW and 250kW by selecting the appropriate scale.

The technology was tested offshore Portugal in 2004 and narrowly missed a world first for delivery of offshore wave power to a national electricity grid, being beaten by

Pelamis

by some 6 weeks.  Since that time, the

Waveswing

has been refined and developed to focus on customer needs in an emerging market.  A 25kW

Waveswing

was designed for pre-commercial testing in 2017.

http://www.awsocean.com/archimedes-waveswing.html

Slide31

SEATRICITY OCEANUS 2 - 1MW

http://seatricity.com/

Slide32

Oceanus 2, a wave energy device owned by Falmouth-based developer

Seatricity

, had hit the waters of Wave Hub testing center twice – first in 2015, and then again in 2016 – but questions have been raised about future redeployment of the device at the Cornish wave testing center.

The 1MW plate capacity rating for the Oceanus 2 is based on company press releases, and it is not clear if one unit has that much plate capacity or if multiple units are required.

Seatricity

is seeking funding to decommission their EMEC project.

http://seatricity.com/

Slide33

Wavebob

1MW

The company … spent about €10 million …, much of it raised from investors, including State-owned utility

Bord

Gáis

, which put €1.8 million into

Wavebob

in 2010.

https://www.engineersireland.ie/EngineersIreland/media/SiteMedia/groups/Divisions

/new-energy/Wavebob-Development_of_a_Wave_Energy_Converter.pdf?ext=.pdf

https://www.irishtimes.com/business/

ocean-energy-developer-wavebob-set-to-go-under-1.1347036

Slide34

Active Projects 2018

Slide35

RME-

AirWECtm

2 kW Deployment Jan 2009

Courtesy Resolute Marine Energy, Inc. (RME)

http://www.resolutemarine.com/

Slide36

AirWEC

2009 Deployment Details

•

AirWEC

and anchors were loaded on deck

and transported to site by service vessel

(Lisa Ann II)• One sortie• Designed with data transmissioncapabilities to monitor performance fromshore

• Small scale fish farm application test has evolved

to wave-powered seawater desalination tests

http://www.resolutemarine.com/

Slide37

Eco Wave 10 kW

https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/New-Tech/

Eco-Wave-Power-to-establish-its-first-Chinese-power-station-395286

http://www.ecowavepower.com/

Slide38

OPT

PowerBuoy 15 kW

www.oceanpowertechnologies.com

Slide39

The

PowerBuoy

TM

consists of a float, spar, and heave plate. OPT's

PowerBuoy

TM

portfolio includes two power output ranges: up to 3 kW and up to 15 kW. (Note: Average output power is deployment-site dependent.) OPT’s products serving the offshore power needs are the PB3 (commercial ready) and the PB15 (under development).

Ocean Power Technologies Inc. is a publicly traded company on the NASDAQ exchange under the symbol: OPTT

www.marketwatch.com/investing/stock/optt

($0.69/share 10 Aug 2018)

www.oceanpowertechnologies.com

Slide40

Bolt Lifesaver 30 kW

http://www.boltseapower.com/

Slide41

Bolt Lifesaver System Parameters

Nominal sea state Hs 2,75m, Ts 6,5s

Avg. power output in nominal sea state

30kW (3 PTOs, current config) 50kW (5 PTOs)

Total dry weight 56 metric tones

Bill of material $1.6M

Accumulated energy produced to date (July 2016)

15.0MWh

Hull dimensions (outer dia. x inner dia. x height)

16m x 10m x 1m

http://www.boltseapower.com/

Slide42

Laminaria 200

kW

www.laminaria.be

Slide43

Laminaria– a surge operated attenuator

has a bespoke storm protection system to enhance

the survivability of the device, allowing it to remain operational

during storm events. Scale sea trials have already been carried

out in Belgium to inform the design for the full-scale device that

will undergo performance testing at EMEC in 2018/19.

Funded under the OCEANERA-NET First Joint Call 2014,

the LAMWEC project seeks to develop and test a 200kW Laminaria WEC,

progressing from TRL stage 5 (technology validated in relevant environment)

to 7 (system prototype demonstration in operational environment).

January 2018: Final LAMWEC tank tests complete prior to EMEC deployment

September 2017: Laminaria raises €2

for wave energy development

www.laminaria.be

Slide44

LIMPET 250 kW

voith.com

Slide45

Islay LIMPET is a shoreline device using an

Oscillating Water Column

to drive air in and out of a pressure chamber through a

Wells turbine

The chamber of the LIMPET is an inclined concrete tube with its opening below the water level. As external wave action cause the water level in the chamber to oscillate, the variation in water level alternately compresses and decompresses the trapped air above, which causes air to flow backwards and forwards through a pair of contra-rotating turbines when it was operational. A report covering the long term running of the turbine was produced in 2002.

The technology developed by Voith Hydro

Wavegen

is fully commercial. In the Basque seaport of

Mutriku

, a facility has been integrated into the breakwater. Built for client

Ente

Vasco de la

Energía

(EVE), it consists of 16 Wells turbines, each 750 mm in diameter, rated at 18.5 kW and capable of generating almost 300 kW in total. The

Mutriku

plant was officially inaugurated on 8 July 2011. The

Mutriku

power plant used technology developed and supplied by Voith Hydro

Wavegen

in a contract worth 1.2 million euros (£1 million).

voith.com

Slide46

CorPower

Ocean 250

kW

http://www.emec.org.uk/about-us/wave-clients/corpower-ocean/

Slide47

CorPoweR

DEPLOYMENT

CorPower

C3 WEC deployment at EMEC Scapa Flow site (Credit: Colin

Keldie

)

Slide48

CorPower

Ocean

a Swedish wave energy developer is

due to install a half scale prototype

wave energy converter system

at EMEC’s scale test site in Scapa Flow in 2018

€6.5 million has been invested in the Stage 3 program by InnoEnergy,

the Swedish Energy Agency and Wave Energy Scotland, with another €4 million

contributed by the European Commission’s H2020

WaveBoost

project.

The deployment is being supported by the Interreg NWE FORESEA project,

which enables free access to EMEC’s test facilities.

CorPower

Ocean AB was

founded in 2009 to develop Wave Energy Converters (WEC), so all their

Intellectual property/patent applications, including continuous phase control features,

were filed after the Wave Energy Harnessing Device (7 March 2007)

www.corpowerocean.com

Slide49

Mutriku

300 kW

https://tethys.pnnl.gov/annex-iv-sites/mutriku-wave-power-plant

Slide50

This grid-connected plant is integrated with an existing breakwater at

Mukriku

harbour

. There are 16 air chambers that are 4.5m wide, 3.1m depth, and 10m high (above Maximum Equinoctial Spring Tide Low Water). A hole of 0.75m diameter leads to a wells turbine and electrical generator of 18.5 kW for each air chamber, yielding the total 296 kW.

The project began construction in March 2009 at a cost of 2 million euros. It officially opened up in July 2011 and has been successfully operating since then. Until April 2017 the plant has supplied to the grid over 1.3GWh of electricity.

https://tethys.pnnl.gov/annex-iv-sites/mutriku-wave-power-plant

Slide51

WELLO OY PENGUIN 500 kW

http://www.wello.eu/

Slide52

Founded in 2008,

Wello

Oy

is a Finnish company dedicated to the development of wave energy converters. Having worked on a number of wave energy concepts since 1976, the unique Penguin model was selected in 2008 for further progression. A number of scale models of the Penguin have been built and tested successfully in laboratory and at sea, throughout which time the prototype devices gradually increased in size until the current 500 kW model was developed.

The 1600-tonne Penguin device is around 30 meters long, nine

metres

in height and has a draft of around seven meters. Only two meters are visible above the water surface. The device first arrived in Orkney in June 2011 and was first deployed at the

Billia

Croo

wave test site in Summer 2012. In February 2018

Wello

Oy hit its maximum investing target of 2-million euros. In December 2017,

Gapura

Energi

Utama (GEU), an Indonesian infrastructure construction company ordered a 10 MW

Wello

Penguin wave energy park.

http://www.wello.eu/

Slide53

PENGUIN POWER CHART

~300 kW of Power in 3m – 10 Second waves

http://www.wello.eu/

Slide54

CETO 1MW

https://www.carnegiece.com/wave/what-is-ceto/

Slide55

CETO

is a

wave-energy

technology that converts

kinetic energy

from

ocean swell into electrical power and (in CETO 5) directly desalinates freshwater through

reverse osmosis

. The technology was developed and tested onshore and offshore

in

Fremantle

, Western Australia. In early 2015 a CETO 5 production installation

was commissioned and connected to the grid. As of January 2016 all the electricity

generated is being purchased to contribute towards the power requirements

of

HMAS Stirling

naval base at

Garden Island

, Western Australia. Some of the

energy will also be used directly to desalinate water.

CETO is designed to be a

simple and robust wave technology. As of January 2016 CETO is claimed to be the

only ocean-tested wave-energy technology globally that is both fully submerged

and generates power and or desalinated water onshore. The CETO technology has

been independently verified by

Energies Nouvelles

(EDF EN)

and the French naval contractor DCNS.

https://www.asx.com.au/asxpdf/20180731/pdf/43wxpl8mmp0q3w.pdf

https://www.asx.com.au/asx/share-price-research/company/CCE

($0.02/share (Austrailian) 10 Aug 2018)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CETOCarnegie Clean Energy (ASX:CCE) CETO

Slide56

AW-ENERGY WAVEROLLER 1MW

http://aw-energy.com/waveroller/

Slide57

“...The

WaveRoller

operates in near-shore areas (approximately 0.3-2 km from the shore) at depths of between 8 and 20 meters. Depending on tidal conditions it is mostly or fully submerged and anchored to the seabed. A single

WaveRoller

unit (one panel and PTO combination) is rated at between 350kW and 1000kW, with a capacity factor of 25-50% depending on wave conditions at the project site. The technology can be deployed as single units or in farms...”

Projects: Portugal 1, Portugal 2, Mexico, and Southeast Asia, the projects are at various stages of funding and permitting.

“…In 2016 AW-Energy OY received €10m from the European Investment Bank, and

WaveRoller

became the first piece of ocean energy technology to be awarded Lloyd’s Register’s Technology Qualification certificate…”

.

http://aw-energy.com/waveroller/

Slide58

MARINE POWER SYSTEMS

Wavesub

5MW (full scale?)

http://marinepowersystems.co.uk/

Slide59

“…In January 2018, UK marine technology development company Marine Power Systems (MPS) has successfully launched its wave energy device the

WaveSub

onto open water. The 1:4 scale prototype of the

WaveSub

wave energy converter was launched in Milford Haven.

The

Wavesub was developed with support from organizations including the Welsh Government and European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). For the last decade, MPS has developed the WaveSub

using more than £5m of funding secured through private investment and highly competitive grants…”

http://marinepowersystems.co.uk/

Slide60

“…Marine Power Systems Ltd (MPS) is a wave power technology development

company. Based in South Wales (UK) the company was co-founded in 2008

by Swansea University engineering graduates Dr Gareth Stockman and

Dr Graham Foster with the sole purpose to develop and bring to market its

WaveSub

wave energy converter…”

All MPS intellectual property (IP) and patent applications were filed after theWave Energy Harnessing Device (7 March 2007). One specific IP item to compare

is the use of a variable-depth platform to enable a storm avoidance feature.

http://marinepowersystems.co.uk/

Slide61

APPENDIX - References

http://www.irena.org/documentdownloads/publications/wave-energy_v4_web.pdf

www.emec.org.uk/

http://www.jamstec.go.jp/e/

http://www.science.oregonstate.edu/~giebultt/COURSES/ph313/PPT7/OSU_Waves.pdf

https://today.oregonstate.edu/archives/2016/

dec

/wave-energy-center-receives-40-million-construct-world’s-premier-test-facility

https://nnmrec.oregonstate.edu/facilities/pmec-nets

https://tethys.pnnl.gov/marine-renewable-energy

MHK industry review

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032115016676

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032111003704

Slide62

References

http://www.homepages.ed.ac.uk/v1ewaveg/EWPP%20archive/duck%20efficiency%20&%20survival%20notes.pdf

http://www.awsocean.com/projects.html

http://www.cleanenergypipeline.com/Resources/CE/ResearchReports/Offshore%20Wind%20Project%20Cost%20Outlook.pdf

https://www.boem.gov/Renewable-Energy-Program/Renewable-Energy-Guide/Ocean-Wave-Energy.aspx

http://www.windfarmbop.com/tag/epc/

https://www.wavehub.co.uk/

SEAREV

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148115000798#tbl1

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032114000471

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148115000798#bib3

Design of a Cylindrical Buoy for a WEC

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029801815003996

Slide63

http://www.wind-power-program.com/large_turbines.htm

http://www.un.org/Depts/los/consultative_process/icp13_presentations-abstracts/2012_icp_presentation_huckerby.pdf

https://www.boem.gov/Commercial-Wind-Leasing-Offshore-New-Jersey/

https://www.coast.noaa.gov/czm/media/otec_nov09_tech.pdf

References