Cook & Heat Stoves Use in Mongolia - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Cook & Heat Stoves Use in Mongolia

Prof.

A

diyasuren

Tsokhio

CCAC Focal Point,

Counselor to the Minister of

Environment and Tourism, MongoliaSlide2

In Mongolia, simple stoves are used in 2 main applications:

Cooking purposes

Heating purposesSlide3

The stoves are very simple and easy to use (firing)

Wood and coal are the main fuels of the stoves for firing

Cook

& heat stoves are commonly used in all provinces,

soums and local areas in MongoliaSlide4

Ulaanbaatar is the capital city of MongoliaIts population is estimated 1.3 million (sometimes reaches 1.5 million)

Of which, about 60% lives in traditional

ger

-houses

In UB, about 200,000 households use these simple cook & heat stoves for cooking and heating purposes, and their main fuel for firing is raw coalSlide5

In UB, annually 900 000

t

ons of coal is used in the

ger- stoves for firing

Every ger -stove used is 3-5 tons of coal at per yearSlide6

Traditional Three Stones StoveMongolians used to use three stones cooking fire starting from primitive culture until 1920s, and they used to fire woods and dry manure.

Until

this time they had not used coal for firing, and from that period they had just started using coal in very low amount in the city centers.Slide7

Traditional Open Fire Stove

Mongolians live in traditional

gers

, which are portable, round tents covered with felts. Heat loss of gers is high. Mongolians used to use open fire stoves, which are made of round shaped iron hoops, placing them in the center of

gers for firing woods and manures until 1950s. The open fire stoves had been used for both heating and cooking purposes.Slide8

Main reasons of using cook & heat stoves:

Heating purposes:

In Mongolia, weather is cold almost in 6 months in a year. In winter, temperature is around - 20ºC to - 30ºC. Thus, the stoves are used for heating.Slide9

2. Cooking purposes:

Traditionally, Mongolians use pots for cooking by placing them on the stoves

The stoves are used for cooking food and boiling tea for more than 3 times in a day

Slide10

Raw coal as the main fuel for firing

Pollutants emitted from coal combustion:

PM2.5

PM10SOx

NOxCOSlide11

Indoor air pollution:

Indoor air pollution is significantly higher.Slide12

Outdoor air pollution:

Black carbon is emitted from using stoves at 3-4 m height by the stovepipes

Due to these usage, air pollution in UB is very highSlide13

Air pollution in winter:

60-70% of air pollution in winter season is due to use of coals for firing in

ger

-districtsSlide14

РМ2.5 level in Ulaanbaatar

,

by months

As shown in Figures during the winter period, the

levels of РМ2.5 and other major air pollutants exceed the standard.Slide15

Air pollution and health:

Air pollution caused diseases are higher:

Respiratory diseases …….

Cardiovascular diseases …….Slide16

Cases of respiratory diseases per 10000 population in Ulaanbaatar, 2005-2014Slide17

Cases of cardiovascular diseases per 10000 population in Ulaanbaatar, 2005-2014Slide18

Stove renovation:From

2011

until today total of

175618 renovated stoves, of which 168118 offered with price incentives by international cooperation projects and subsidies by Clean Air Fund, and 7500 by the State Budget has been distributed to households living in ger districts.

It includes 97.6% of total households living in ger districts.Slide19

Some types of the

stoves

experimentally used for applying

in

households living in ger-districtsG-2

stoves (invented by master

Gotovdorj

D.)

Stoves imported from Inner

Mongolia

I

mported

from Turkey &

China etc.Slide20

Results:

According to studies and measurements, air pollution had been reduced by 20-30% in 2015

But air pollutions still existsSlide21

Lessons learned:

Public does not emphasize the importance of stove renovation, and does not support it

However, air pollution caused diseases are higher, the public could not pay much attention to it in order to overcome the cold winter seasonSlide22

Legislation:

New Law on Air Pollution was adopted in 2012.

But the law provisions are inapplicable due to political reasonsSlide23

For setting the air pollution payment:

According to the law, coal mining pays the payment

According to the “Polluter Pays”

Principle, the coal users must pay the payment for polluting the air.

But due to political reasons, the polluters are being freed of paymentsSlide24

Reasons

why air pollution is not decreasing:

Life of people living in the countryside largely depends on pastoral livestock farming. Due to natural disasters including harsh winter and dry summer conditions, the people lose large number of their livestock, and they migrate to the city for living. It is one of the reasons that the population of Ulaanbaatar city has been growing. Annually about 30 000 households move to the city from the countryside. Therefore, it has been planned to provide the people with livestock and encourage them to move back to the rural areas.

But it is a challenging solution.Slide25

Reasons why air pollution is not decreasing:

Public does not emphasize the importance of air pollution reduction

No support from air polluters for reduction of air pollution

Laws and legislations are being inappropriate Slide26

Needs of measures to be undertaken:

To implement the resolution of the Government of Mongolia to free the households living in

ger

-districts

from electricity bills during night hoursTo encourage citizens’ investment and participation in the stove renovation actionSlide27

Next steps: Gaps, Needs and Questions

Public information

dissemination

To provide public and youth with sufficient information about impacts and consequences of air pollution, and to get support from them.More Public awareness activities

To make a decision on limiting use of raw coal in UlaanbaatarTo use electricity instead of burning coal for heating in households living in ger districts in Ulaanbaatar, to improve capacity of power plants, and to renovate technology for existing power plantsSlide28

Next steps: Gaps, Needs and Questions 

Economic

incentives

According to the “Polluter Pays” Principle, users of raw coal should pay the air pollution payment. But the members of parliament make decisions not to burden the citizens with other payments and fees.To legally ban use of raw coals in Ulaanbaatar

To implement the resolution of the Government of Mongolia to free the households living in ger districts from electricity bills during night hoursSlide29

Next steps: Gaps, Needs and Questions 

To offer tax incentives for entities which introduce alternative heating equipment for

ger

-houses, and encourage the public for their safe useThe Government of Mongolia has been planning to continue the construction development for ger

districts as of future goals. The loan offered from China has been projected to be spent for ger area development.Slide30

Thank you for your attention