Lung 1 3 2 Capillary O 2 Cell Mitochondria Capillary Exchange of gases with body cells Transport of gases by the circulatory system Circulatory system Blood vessels Heart Breathing ID: 704742
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Slide1
Respiratory and Circulatory SystemsSlide2
Lung
1
3
2
Capillary
O
2
Cell
Mitochondria
Capillary
Exchange of
gases with
body cells
Transport of gases
by the circulatory
system
Circulatory
system
Blood
vessels
Heart
Breathing
O
2
CO
2
CO
2
Breathing
,
Transport
of gases by circulatory system,
Exchange
of gases with body cellsSlide3
CO
2
O
2
Capillaries
Cross section of the
respiratory surface
(the outer skin)
Animals exchange O
2
and CO
2
across moist body surfacesSlide4
Animals exchange O
2
and CO
2 across moist body surfacesMost animals have specialized body parts that promote gas exchange:gills in most aquatic animals,tracheal systems in insects, andlungs in terrestrial vertebrates.Many animals have adaptations to improve ventilation, the flow of water or air over the respiratory surface. Slide5
Body surface
CO
2
O
2
Respiratory
surface
(gills)
Capillary
GillsSlide6
Blood
vessels
Gill arch
Water flow
Gill filaments
bearing many
platelike
lamellae
Operculum
(gill cover)
GILL STRUCTURE
Water
flowSlide7
Lamella
Water flow,
showing
% O
2
Diffusion of O
2
from water to
blood
Direction of blood flow
through capillaries in lamellae
Oxygen-rich
blood going to
body tissues
Oxygen-poor
blood coming from
the heart
Blood flow in capillary,
showing % O
2
COUNTERCURRENT EXCHANGE
Oxygen-rich water
Oxygen-poor water
100
70
40
15
80
60
30
5Slide8
Body surface
CO
2
O
2
Respiratory
surface
(tips of tracheae)
Body cells
(no capillaries)
NOTE: the circulatory system of insects is not involved in transporting gases
Tracheal
S
ystemsSlide9
Lungs
Body surface
Respiratory
surface
(within lung)
Capillary
CO
2
O
2
CO
2
O
2Slide10
EVOLUTION CONNECTION: The evolution of lungs facilitated the movement of
tetrapods
onto land
Tetrapods seem to have evolved in shallow water.Fossil fish with legs had lungs and gills.Legs may have helped them lift up to gulp air.The fossil fish Tiktaaliklived about 375 million years ago andillustrates these air-breathing adaptations.Slide11
Fin
Shoulder
bones
Neck
Eyes on top
of a flat skullSlide12
Human Respiratory System
Left lung
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
(Esophagus)
Larynx
Right lung
Bronchus
Bronchiole
Diaphragm
(Heart)
TracheaSlide13
Alveoli
Blood capillaries
Bronchiole
Oxygen-poor
blood
Oxygen-
rich
blood
To the
heart
From the
heart
CO
2
O
2Slide14
Breathing is automatically controlled
Brain
1
2
3
Nerve signals
trigger contraction
of the rib muscles
and diaphragm.
Cerebrospinal
fluid
Medulla
Breathing control
center responds
to the pH of blood
and cerebrospinal fluid.
Nerve signals
indicate CO
2
and O
2
levels.
CO
2
and O
2
sensors in the aorta
Heart
Diaphragm
Rib musclesSlide15
Circulatory systems facilitate exchange with all body tissues
Open circulatory systems
are found in all arthropods and most
molluscs and consist ofa tubular heart,open-ended vessels, and blood that directly bathes the cells and functions as the interstitial fluid.© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.Slide16
Circulatory systems facilitate exchange with all body tissues
Closed circulatory systems
are found in vertebrates, earthworms, squids, and octopuses and consist of a circulatory fluid,
blood, that is confined to vessels, keeping blood distinct from the interstitial fluid. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.Slide17
EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Vertebrate cardiovascular systems reflect evolution
Blood passes through the heart of a fish once in each circuit through the body, an arrangement called
single circulation
.A single circuit would not supply enough pressure to move blood through the capillaries of the lungs and then to the body capillaries of a terrestrial vertebrate. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.Slide18
Fish have 2 chambered hearts
Heart:
Ventricle
Atrium
Gill
capillaries
Body
capillaries
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.Slide19
EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Vertebrate cardiovascular systems reflect evolution
Land vertebrates have a
double circulation
in which blood is pumped a second time after it loses pressure in the lungs.The pulmonary circuit carries blood between the heart and gas exchange tissues in the lungs.The systemic circuit carries blood between the heart and the rest of the body. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.Slide20
Amphibians and Reptiles have 3 chambered hearts
Atrium
Ventricle
Pulmocutaneous
circuit
Lung and
skin capillaries
Atrium
Systemic
capillaries
Right
Left
Systemic
circuit
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
In the three-chambered heart of turtles, snakes, and lizards,
the ventricle is partially divided, and
less mixing of blood occurs.Slide21
Birds and Mammals have 4 chambered hearts
Atrium
Ventricle
Right
Left
Lung
capillaries
Pulmonary
circuit
Systemic
circuit
Systemic
capillaries
Atrium
Ventricle
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.Slide22
Systemic circuit
Superior vena cava
Capillaries of head,
chest, and arms
Aorta
Aorta
Right
atrium
Left
ventricle
Inferior
vena cava
Capillaries of abdominal
region and legs
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary
vein
Left
atrium
Right
ventricle
Pulmonary
vein
Lung
capillaries
Pulmonary circuit
Pulmonary artery
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.Slide23Slide24Slide25
Beating Human Heart Video
Blood flow through the heart- animationSlide26
Capillary
Epithelium
Basal lamina
Valve
Vein
Venule
Arteriole
Artery
Connective
tissue
Smooth
muscle
Epithelium
Epithelium
Smooth
muscle
Connective
tissue
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.Slide27
Capillary
Interstitial
fluid
Tissue
cell
Diffusion of
molecules
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.Slide28
Plasma (55%)
Cellular elements (45%)
Constituent
Water
Major functions
Solvent for
carrying other
substances
Osmotic balance,
pH buffering, and
maintaining ion
concentration of
interstitial fluid
Ions (blood electrolytes)
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Chloride
Bicarbonate
Osmotic balance
and pH buffering
Clotting
Defense
Plasma proteins
Fibrinogen
Immunoglobulins
(antibodies)
Substances transported by blood
Nutrients (e.g., glucose, fatty acids, vitamins)
Waste products of metabolism
Respiratory gases (O
2
and CO
2
)
Hormones
Platelets
250,000–
400,000
Blood clotting
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Eosinophils
Neutrophils
Basophils
5,000–10,000
Defense
and immunity
White blood cells
(leukocytes)
5–6 million
Transport of
O
2
and
some CO
2
Red blood cells
(erythrocytes)
Cell type
Number
per
μ
L
(mm
3
) of blood
Functions
Centrifuged
blood
sample
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.Slide29
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© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.