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Biodiversity, Species Interactions, and Population Control Biodiversity, Species Interactions, and Population Control

Biodiversity, Species Interactions, and Population Control - PowerPoint Presentation

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Biodiversity, Species Interactions, and Population Control - PPT Presentation

Chapter 5 Key Concepts Species interactions Responses to changes in environmental conditions Factors determining number of species in a community Species Diversity and Ecological Stability ID: 679111

population species capacity growth species population growth capacity ecological carrying resource resources succession soil interactions number animation competition predators

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Slide1

Biodiversity, Species Interactions, and Population Control

Chapter

5Slide2

Key Concepts

Species

interactions

Responses to changes in environmental

conditions

Factors determining number of species in a communitySlide3

Species Diversity and Ecological Stability

Many different species provide ecological stability

Some exceptions

Minimum threshold of species diversity

(10 - 40 producer species?)

Many unknowns

Net primary productivity (NPP)

Essential and nonessential speciesSlide4

Species diversity by latitude

AnimationSlide5

Types of Species

Native

Nonnative (invasive or alien)

Indicator-

Keystone

-

FoundationSlide6

Indicator Species

Provide early warnings of ecosystem damage

Indicator of water quality (trout)

Birds as environmental indicators

(affected by habitat loss, chemicals)

ButterfliesAmphibiansSlide7

Keystone Species

What is a keystone?

Keystone species play critical ecological roles

a. Pollination

b. Top predators

c. decomposition

EXAMPLES: Dung beetles, Sharks, bees, bats, wolves, alligatorsSlide8

Foundation Species

Relationship to keystones species

Play important roles in shaping communities

Elephants

Contributions of bats and birdsSlide9

Species Interactions

Interspecific competition

Predation

Symbiosis

= close long term association 2 or more species

A. Parasitism + -

B. Mutualism + +C. Commensalism + 0Slide10

Types of two species interactions animation.

AnimationSlide11

Species Interactions: Competition

Interspecific Competition

Fundamental niches

Fighting for limited resources

Competition from humansSlide12

Reducing or Avoiding Competition

Resource partitioning

Role of natural selection

Specialization and sharing of resources

Resource partitioning of warblersSlide13

Number of individuals

Number of individuals

Resource use

Resource use

Species 1

Species 2

Region

of

niche overlap

Species 1

Species 2

Resource Partitioning and Niche SpecializationSlide14

Resource Partitioning of Warbler SpeciesSlide15

How Do Predators Increase Their Chances of Getting a Meal?

Speed

Senses

Camouflage and ambush

Chemical warfare (venom)Slide16

Avoiding and Defending Against Predators

Escape

Senses

Armor

Camouflage

Chemical warfare

Warning colorationMimicryBehavior strategies

Safety in numbersSlide17

Span worm

Bombardier beetle

Viceroy butterfly mimics

monarch butterfly

Foul-tasting monarch

butterfly

Poison dart frog

When touched, the

snake caterpillar

changes shape to look

like the head of a snake

Wandering leaf insect

Hind wings of io moth

resemble eyes of a

much larger animal

How Species Avoid Predators

“If it is small and strikingly beautiful, it is probably poisonous. If it is strikingly beautiful and easy to catch, it is probably deadly.” - E.O Wilson

camouflage

Chemical warfare / Warning

mimicry

Deceptive behaviorSlide18

Parasites

Parasitism + -

Hosts

Inside or outside of hosts

Harmful effects on hosts

Important ecological roles of parasitesSlide19

Mutualism + +

Both species benefit

Pollination

Benefits include nutrition and protection

Mycorrhizae -

fungi that helps plants extract nutrients and water from soil

Gut inhabitant mutualismSlide20

Oxpeckers and black rhinoceros

Clown fish and sea anemone

Lack of mycorrhizae fungi on

juniper seedlings in sterilized soil

Fig. 6-7, p. 117

Examples of Mutualism

© 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson

Mycorrhizae fungi on juniper

seedlings in normal soilSlide21

Commensalism + 0

Species interaction that benefits one and has little or no effect on the other

Example: Small plants growing in shade of larger plants

Epiphytes

Forehead mitesSlide22

Bromeliad CommensalismSlide23

Ecological Succession: Communities in Transition

What is ecological succession?

(Gradual change in species composition)

Primary succession

= establishment of communities on nearly lifeless ground (no soil) ex. glacier retreat, landslide, lava, abandoned parking lot

Secondary succession- community disturbed, soil remains. Burned / cut forests, polluted stream, floodSlide24

Two types of ecological succession animation.

AnimationSlide25

Limits on Population Growth

Biotic potential

(capacity for growth)

Intrinsic rate of increase (

r

)

(assumes unlimited resources)No indefinite population growthEnvironmental resistance= all the factors that limit population growthCarrying capacity (K

) - determined by biotic potential & enviro resistance Slide26

Carrying capacity (

K

)

Environmental

resistance

Biotic

potential

Exponential

growth

Population Growth Curves

Time (

t

)

Population size (

N

)Slide27

Exponential and Logistic Population Growth

Resources control population growth

Exponential growth -

J-shaped curve

Logistic growth -

S-shaped curveSlide28

Logistic Growth of Sheep Population

Overshoot

Carrying Capacity

Year

Number of sheep (millions)

2.0

1.5

1.0

.5

1800

1825

1850

1875

1900

1925Slide29

When Population Size Exceeds Carrying Capacity

Switch to new resources, move or die

Overshoots

Reproductive time lag

Population dieback or crash

Human Famines -

Irish potato famine 1845 - 1 million dead

Factors controlling human carrying capacity- technology has increased carrying capacity for humansSlide30

Exponential Growth, Overshoot and Population Crash of Reindeer

Population

Overshoots

Carrying

Capacity

Population

crashes

Carrying capacity

Year

Number of sheep (millions)

2,000

1,500

1,000

500

0

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950