Bologna, 1088 Paris, ca. 1150 Oxford, 1167 Cam - PDF document

Bologna, 1088 Paris, ca. 1150 Oxford, 1167 Cambridge, 1209 Scholarship revolved around Scholasticism), especially Aristotle. !"#$%&'#()*%)+,-.,-/&"0)!"#$%&$'(")*%+,0)1"2)3456) Photo of the University of Bolognaremoved due to copyright restrictions. The ÒRenaissanceÓ Beginning in the 14th and 15th centuries, scholars and artists throughout Europe began to proclaim a new era: a re-birth (ÒrenaissanceÓ) of learning. 7"&()7,-8%/&).9%):,#&;%$0)0)3544) B%"&)B,(%=9)C%&D"E/&FG,&(."&.0))23'%4&*5&6$(,$'&77&"3'*&8*30'/393*:;$0)3HIJ) preserve, and compare extant copies of K$"(E#(0)?$%%LF!"'&)M%N)O%(."E%&.0)353J)Byzantines fled into Europe, bringing scores Imitation is the Highest FormÉ !%,&"$*,)*")+/&1/0)0)3AHI)P/19%-"&;%-,0)Q%.$"$190)!$?$%&'*&8")$%*0)1"2)3456) 0)356A) Photo courtesy of jay8085 . Alchemy and Science? R"S/*)O%&/%$(0)-($&@;$/0+%$&*5&A**;00)1"2)3J56) Alchemists sought to revive the true learning of the ancients, which had become obscured and corrupted over time. And they sought to unite contemplation with practical action. -($&-F$;=$&G$40&*5&H/0";&/;$393$0)35YY) gold silver antimony lead They spoke in anthropomorphic terms: lead ÒwantsÓ or ÒdesiresÓ to transmute into gold; antimony Alchemists at Court B"&)P".%DL,0).;)($,"0'&D$1I"FJK&LD$31"=*M"+0N0)1"2)3HJ6) Sendivogius argued that air was a mixture Ð in fact, a crucial mixture, which held the secret of life Ð rather than a pure element (contra Aristotle). Alchemical Students Robert Boyle (1627 Ð 1691), Òthe father of chemistry,Ó was a student of George StarkeyÕs. BoyleÕs first experiences in a laboratory likely came from StarkeyÕs tutelage in the 1650s. Despite public dismissals, Boyle worked tirelessly on alchemical Image of "The Aspiring Adept: Robert Boyleand his Alchemical Quest, " Lawrence Principe, removed due to copyright restrictions. Heinrich Khunrath, alchemical laboratory, 1609 Alchemical Legacy Alchemy remains a strange hybrid to modern eyes: shrouded in secrecy, obscure riddles, and mysticism, it was also the major impetus for new experimental methods. It also provided Images of "Atoms and Alchemy: Chymistry and the Alchemists introduced and refined basic Experimental Origins of the Scientific Revolution"and "Alchemy Tried in the Fire: Starkey, Boyle, and laboratory techniques (distillation,  R. Newman, removed due to copyright restrictions. sublimation, filtration, purification, catalysis, É); emphasized quantification; and pursued systematic investigation of ,8%$.)]"-L%$0)O;"=$%&8%*,F$;;0)1"2)3J56()R"&/%-)PZ.%&(0)0)3J43) ?%$E"&)=$/&.0)H$($/1"3M&*5&&0)3JAY) B,9&)P/19"%-)]$/;9.0)0)1"2)3JJ3) Charles I dissolved Parliament, 1629 1640-1649 Cromwell rules 1649-1658 coronated, 1660 Complementary Models B,(%=9)]$/;9.0)-($&.;)($,"0'&"3&D$/%)(&*5&'($&@(";*0*:($%Q0&D'*3$0)3II3)B,9"&)[%$(%8,,E0)B*#$%'&H*4;$0)3JHY) MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu STS.003 The Rise of Modern Science Fall 2010 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms .