Structures Group of ductless glands that secrete substances directly into the blood stream Substances are known as hormones Hormones are substances that are frequently referred to as chemical messengers that stimulate many functions through out the body ID: 502602
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Slide1
Endocrine SystemSlide2
Structures
Group of ductless glands that secrete substances directly into the blood stream.
Substances are known as hormones
Hormones are substances that are frequently referred to as “chemical messengers” that stimulate many functions through out the body.
Functions include: Stimulate exocrine glands, stimulate other endocrine glands, Regulate growth and development, Regulate metabolism, Maintain fluid and chemical balance, Control various sex processesSlide3
Structures
Pituitary Gland
Often called master gland because it produces many hormones that affect other glands.
Located at the base of the brain
Separated into two lobes both secrete different hormones
Anterior Lobe: Somatotropin-Growth Hormone, Follicle Stimulating/Luteinizing- Ovulation/Sperm production, Prolactin-production of milk, Melanocyte Stimulating- Stimulates production and dispersion of melanin pigment in the skin
Posterior Lobe-Vasopressin-antidiuretic, promotes reabsorption of water in the kidneys and constricts vessels, Oxytocin-Causes contraction of uterus during childbirth, stimulates milk flow from the breastSlide4
Pituitary GlandSlide5
Structures
Thyroid Gland
Sits on anterior aspect of trachea
Secretes: Thyroxine-stimulates metabolic rate, physical and mental growth, regulates metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats, Calcitonin- absorption of calcium by the bones and lowers blood calcium levelsSlide6
Thyroid GlandSlide7
Structures
Parathyroid Gland
Sits on top of thyroid gland
Secretes-
Parathormone
-Regulates the amount of calcium and phosphate in the blood, stimulates kidneys to conserve blood calcium, stimulates calcium absorption in the small intestineSlide8
Parathyroid GlandSlide9
Structures
Adrenal Gland
Sits on top of both kidneys
Secretes-Mineralocorticoids-reabsorption of sodium, potassium and water in the kidneys, Glucocorticoids-metabolism of nutrients, increase blood glucose levels, reduce stress and anti-inflammatory,
Gonadocorticoids
-stimulates either male or female sexual characteristics, Epinephrine-stimulates sympathetic nervous system, fight or flight response, Norepinephrine- Fight or flight responseSlide10
Adrenal GlandSlide11
Structures
Pancreas
Sits below stomach in upper left quadrant
Secretes: Insulin-Metabolism of glucose, promotes fatty and amino acid transport into cells, Glucagon-Maintains blood level of glucose by stimulating the liver to release stored glycogenSlide12
PancreasSlide13
Structures
Ovaries
Found in women sit deep inside the body cavity at the top of the uterus
Secrete: Estrogen-promotes growth and development of sex organs, Progesterone-Maintains lining of the uterusSlide14
OvariesSlide15
Structures
Testes
Found in males located in the scrotum that hangs from the body
Secretes: Testosterone-Stimulates growth of male sex organs and maturation of spermSlide16
TestesSlide17
Structures
Thymus
Sits center of chest in children
Disappears during puberty
Secretes:
Thymosin
-stimulates production of lymphocytes and antibodies in early lifeSlide18
ThymusSlide19
Structures
Pineal
Located in brain
Secretes: Melatonin-may delay puberty by inhibiting gonadotropin, may regulate sleep/wake cycles, Serotonin-may prevent vasoconstriction in the brain, inhibits gastric
secreationsSlide20
Pineal GlandSlide21
Diseases and Conditions
Acromegaly
Over secretion of somatotropin causes a benign tumor on the pituitary gland.
Bones of the hands, feet and face enlarge, skin and tongue thickens causing slurred speech
Treatment is surgical removal of tumor or radiation, however tumor usually returns
Shortens life expectancySlide22
Disease and Conditions
Gigantism
Over secretion of somatotropin before puberty
Excessive growth of long bones, extreme tallness, decreased sexual developmentSlide23
Diseases and Conditions
Diabetes Insipidus
Decreased secretion of vasopressin
Results in water failing to be reabsorbed by the kidneys
Increases urination, excessive thirst, dehydration, weakness, constipation and dry skin
Administer ADH to correctSlide24
Diseases and Conditions
Dwarfism
Under secretion of somatotropin and can be causes by a tumor, infection genetic factors or injury
Small body size, short extremities, lack of sexual development
Can be treated if caught early with injections.Slide25
Diseases and conditions
Goiter
Enlargement of the Thyroid Gland
Causes: hyperactive thyroid, iodine deficiency, tumor, over secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone in the pituitary gland
Thyroid enlargement, difficulty swallowing, cough, choking sensation
Treatment is to eliminate the cause Slide26
Diseases or Conditions
Hyperthyroidism
Over activity of the thyroid gland which increases BMR
Symptoms: extreme nervousness, tremors, irritability, rapid pulse, excessive sweating, heat intolerance
Treatment: radiation or surgical interventionSlide27
Diseases and Conditions
Hypothyroidism
Under activity of the thyroid gland
Two types Cretinism or Myxedema
Symptoms: course dry skin, slow mental function, fatigue, weakness, intolerance to cold, weight gain, edema, puffy eyes, slow pulseSlide28
Diseases and Conditions
Graves Disease
Extreme form of hyperthyroidism
More common in women than men
Symptoms include: strained tense facial expressions, protruding eyeballs, goiter, emotional instability, tachycardia, tremendous appetite with weight loss
Treatment: medication, radiation and surgical removalSlide29
Diseases and Conditions
Hyperparathyroidism-over production of
parathormone
due most often to tumor
Symptoms: excessive calcium in blood, kidney stones, lethargy, gastrointestinal issues, calcium deposits in vessels and organs
Treatment: Removal of tumor, removal of glands, diuretics, low calcium dietSlide30
Diseases and conditions
Hypoparathyroidism-Underactivity of the parathyroid, causes low levels of calcium in the blood.
Symptoms: Constant contraction of muscles, hyperirritability of nervous system, twitching possible death
Treatment: Supplement calcium and vitamin d, surgical removal of parathyroid glandsSlide31
Diseases and conditions
Addison’s Disease-decreased secretion of aldosterone by adrenal glands, interferes with reabsorption of sodium and water resulting in high potassium levels in the blood
Symptoms: dehydration, diarrhea, fatigue, hypotension, mental lethargy, weight loss, excessive pigmentation (bronzing of the skin)
Treatment: corticosteroids, control sodium intake, fluid regulationSlide32
Diseases and conditions
Cushing’s Disease-Over secretion of glucocorticoids from the adrenal glands, caused by tumor or pituitary gland defect
Symptoms: hyperglycemia, hypertension, excessive hair growth, poor wound healing, A “moon” face, obesity
Treatment: removal of tumor/glands, hormone replacement therapySlide33
Diseases and Conditions
Treatment: None for Type 1, just manage symptoms through insulin, Type 2 is about weight control and exercise as well as diet corrections
Diabetes Mellitus-chronic disease caused by decreased secretion of insulin
Two types: Type 1 (insulin dependent) occurs early in life, more severe and requires insulin, Type 2 (non-insulin dependent) occurs later in life, not a severe, diet restriction
Symptoms: hyperglycemia, frequent urination, excessive thirst, sugar in urine, weight loss, slow healing skin infections, vision changes