What War The forgotten war The unknown war 625 Fatherland Liberation War War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea Korea before the war An independent country for more ID: 637909
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Slide1
Korean War (1950 – 1953 -)Slide2
What War?
The
forgotten
war
The
unknown
war
625
Fatherland Liberation War
War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid KoreaSlide3
Korea before the war
An
independent country for
more
than
1000
years
Geopolitical
reality
of Korea:
bridge
to Asia
Part of
Japanese
Empire
(1910)
Koreans
in Japan-
ruled
Korea
Two
visions
of
Korean
independence
Nationalist
Syngman
Rhee
– one of major
nationalist
leaders
Communist
Kim Ir
Sung
– a minor
Communist
insurgant
Korea in WW II
Nationalists
involved
in
some
fighting
in China and Asia
Communist
guerillas
in
Manchuria
and Korea Slide4
Division of Korea
USSR and Korea
War
against
Japan (9 August 1945)
Occupation
of
northern
parts
of Korea
begins
10
Agust
1945
38th
parallel
as a
temporary
division
line
USA and Korea
USA
accepts
Japanese
surrender
south
of the 38th
parallel
(8
September
1945)
Moscow
Conference – Korea
governed
for five
yeras
by a
U.S.-Soviet Union Joint Commission
–
then
independence
Nationalists
(S.
Rhee
)
react
violently
to
this
Unrests
,
strikes
and
violent
protests
follow
In
panic
US
administration
of
south
Korea
decides
to
hold
UN
sanctioned
elections
in the
south
.
Elections
boycotted
by the
Communists
.
Jeju
Uprising
(
at
least
14.000
dead
)
Nationalists
don’t
support
the idea of the
elections
, but
they
win and
create
a
government
with Syngman
Rhee
as
president
.
The Republic of Korea (South Korea)
established on 15 August 1948.
The
South
Korean
government
begins
a
violent
crack down on
Korean
communits
,
forcing
them
to
flee
to the
North
.
More
than
30000
inprisoned
.
In the
north
the
Soviet
Union
reacts
by
organizing
their
own
elections
and
creating
north
Korean
government
with Kim Il
Sung
at
its
head
.Slide5
Outbreak of the War
1945 -1949 –
Chinese
Civil
War
1949 – The
Soviets
supply
military
aid
to
North
Korea and
quickly
transform
the
North
Korean
army
into
a
significant
force
Soviet Advisory Group
–
makes
plans
for the
invasion
of the
South
In
South
Korea
violence
against
the
communists
reduces
them
to less
than
1500
fighters
Border
tension
The
North
Korea
calls
for
unification
and
national
elections
while
preaparing
for war
Syngman
Rhee
repeatedly
announces
plans
for the
invasion
of the
North
25
June
1950 –
North
Korean
forces
cross the 38th
parallel
and
quickly
take
Seoul
and
move
south
.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 82
Syngman
Rhee
orders
the
Bodo
League
Massacre
on 27
June
1950Slide6
Bodo League
Massacre
Bodo
League
established
as a ’
reeducation
movement
’ for
suspected
communists
and
communist-sympethizers
,
officially
to
protect
them
from
persecutions
and
executions
On 27
June
1950 Syngman
Rhee
orders
the
executions
of
all
Bodo
League
and
South
Korean
Workers
Party
members
Altogether
between
100.000 to 200.000
people
murdered
,
although
some
(less
reliable
)
sources
claim
the
number
of
victims
reached
over
1.500.000
After
the war the
communists
are
blamed
for the
massacre
Only
in 1990 the
South
Korean
government
began
to
accept
the
blame
for the
massacre
Role of American
advisers
unknonwn
to
this
day
,
though
some
photographs
were
taken
by American
witnessesSlide7
American intervention
Reasons
for the
intervention
United Nations Security Council Resolution 82
Truman
administration
uncertain
of the
importance
of Korea and
uncertain
of
Soviet
intentions
Finally
,
when
it’s
decided
US
will
intervene
a
shock
comes
about
the US
army
and
navy
– not
prepared
for
an
operation
of the
desired
scaleSlide8
Course of the war
In
its
early
stages
dynamic
changes
in the
frontlines
.
Seuol
changes
hands
four
times
.
Fast
advances
of the
North
Korean
Army
Pusan
Perimeter
– Pusan
Perimeter
Battle (August-
September
1950)
Landing
at
Inchon
, Battle of
Inchon
(
September
1950)
UN
Offensive
1950, past the
partition
line
(38th
parallel
)
Chinese
internvention
(1950) –
People’s
Volunteer
Army
(PVA)
Major UN
losses
in the
north
Chinese
counteroffensive
(1951)
Fighting
around
the 38th paralel (
stalemate
– 1951-53)
In
later
stages
– war of
attrition
Armistice (July 1953 – November 1954)
Division
of Korea
ensuesSlide9
Korean War characteristics
Massive
land
operations
Massive
amphibian
operations
(
Inchon
)
Harsh
conditions
in the
North
–
cold
and
hunger
Experience
of
retreat
(
two
times
,
at
least
)
Massive
military
losses
US
rule
the
air
until
the SU aids
North
Korea
Soviet
pilots
fly
covert
missions
as
North
Korean
fighters
(
first
ever
air
-to-
air
dogfights
between
jet
planes
,
possibly
involving
Soviet
pilots
),
also
the SU
equips
the PKA with
air
power
Strategic
bombings
Effectively
– US
fights
a war with China
The
threat
of
nuclear
warfare
Why
? How? The US
got
closest
ever
to
use
nuclear
weapons
in
conflict
since
WW II
In
other
words
, the
Korean
War
resembles
the WW II in
tactics
and
strategy
,
yet
lacked
the ’
stability
’ of WW II
War
crimes
On
both
sides
Bodo
League
Massacre
Seoul National University Hospital massacre
Hill 303
Massacre
Bloody
Gulch
massacre
Chaplain
–
Medic
massacre
Namyangju
massacre
Mungyeong
Massacre
Geochang
massacreSlide10
Casualties and Losses
T
he United States suffered 33,686 battle deaths, along with 2,830 non-battle deaths
South Korea reported some 373,599 civilian and 137,899 military deaths.
PVA suffered about 400,000 killed and 486,000 wounded
the KPA suffered 215,000 killed and 303,000 wounded.
Recent scholarship has put the full battle death toll on all sides at just over 1.2 million
Total civilians killed/wounded: 2.5 million
(
est
.):
South Korea: 990,968
/
373,599 killed
–
229,625 wounded
387,744 abducted/missing
North Korea: 1,550,000 (est.)Slide11
General Douglas MacArthur
War World II
Pressed
for
landing
in
Inchon
while
many
other
commanders
warned
against
it
Believed
’
honorable
victory
’ in Korea
is
possible
Crossed
the 38th
parallel
believeing
China
would
not
intervene
Considered
the
use
of
nuclear
weapons
against
North
Korean
and
Chinese
forces
Considered
the
use
of
nuclear
weapons
against
China
Questioned
the
President’s
sole authority to order the
use
of
nuclear
weapons
Considered
a
full-fledged
war
against
China
Relieved
from
duty
by Truman in
April
1951Slide12
The Aftermath
Korea
remains
devided
and
at
the
state
of war
Two
different
Koreas
South
Korea
struggles
to face the
reality
of the war
Violent
military
rule
for
many
years
North
Korea a
stronghold
of
utopian
/
dystopian
communism
Bloody
dictatorship
A
bout 100,000 North Koreans
e
xecuted
in
post-war
purges.
F
orced
labor and concentration camps responsible for over one million deaths in North Korea from 1945 to 1987
,
est
.
400,000 deaths in concentration camps alone
Estimates based on the most recent North Korean census suggest that 240,000 to 420,000 people died as a result of the 1990s North Korean famine and that there were 600,000 to 850,000 unnatural deaths in North Korea from 1993 to 2008
The North Korean government has been accused of "crimes against humanity" for its alleged culpability in creating and prolonging the 1990s famine.
Seeks
nuclear
potential
.
Rougue
state
/
axis
of
evil
.
Cold
War
fears
are
given
a real face
Hence
–
perhaps
– a ’
forgotten
war’Slide13
Korean War in American Culture
The
Manchurian
Candidate
(1959) –
novel
by Richard Condon
The
Manchurian
Candidate
(1962) –
movie
by
John
Frankenheimer
The
Manchurian
Candidate
(2004) –
movie
by Jonathan
Demme
MASH
(1970) –
movie
by Robert Altman
M*A*S*H
(1972 – 1983) – TV Series
Goodbye, Farewell and Amen
Seinfeld
Wonder
Years
Mad Men