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LECTURE 10 1 Outline LECTURE 10 1 Outline

LECTURE 10 1 Outline - PowerPoint Presentation

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LECTURE 10 1 Outline - PPT Presentation

LECTURE 10 1 Outline Data Collection Methods In Information Gathering Observation Interview Questionnaire 2 DATA COLLECTION Gathering information about a situation problem or phenomenon 3 Methods in Information Gathering ID: 769633

questions amp interview information amp questions information interview disadv data adv response questionnaire bias respondent interaction interviewer depth info

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LECTURE 10 1

Outline Data Collection Methods In Information Gathering Observation InterviewQuestionnaire 2

DATA COLLECTIONGathering information about a situation, problem or phenomenon. 3

Methods in Information Gathering:Secondary Data Information required is already available & need only be extracted. Primary Data Information must be collected. 4

Secondary sourcesDocumentsGovernment publications Earlier research Census Personal records5

Primary SourcesObservationParticipant Non-participant Interviewing StructuredUnstructuredQuestionnaireMailed questionnaire Collective questionnaire 6

OBSERVATIONIs a purposeful, systematic, and selective way of watching and listening to an interaction or phenomenon as it takes place.Appropriate in situations where full and/or accurate information cannot be elicited by questioning. 7

Types of observationParticipant observationNon-participant observation 8

Participant observationResearcher participates in the activities of the group being observed in the same manner as its members, with or without knowing that they are being observed. 9

Non-participant observationResearcher does not get involved in the activities of the group but remains a passive observer, watching, & listening to its activities and drawing conclusions from this. 10

Problems with using observation:Respondent may be aware & change behavior.Observer bias.Interpretation btw observer inconsistent.Possibility of incomplete observation and/or recording. 11

Situations for observationNaturalDoes not intervene. Controlled Introduce stimulus to observe reactions. 12

Methods of recording observations:NarrativeScales Categorical recordingRecording on mechanical devices 13

NarrativeTake brief notes firstSoon after makes detailed notesAdv: provides deep insight into the interaction. Disadv : observer bias & incomplete recording. 14

ScalesDevelop scale to rate interactions or phenomenon.Adv: quick, easy to record.Disadv: does not provide in-depth information about interaction. 15

Categorical RecordingDepend on classification develop by researcher; e.g. passive/active, etc.Adv: quick, easy to record.Disadv: does not provide in-depth information about interaction. 16

Recording on Mechanical Devices:Observation recorded on a video tape and then analyzed.Adv: can watched it many times b4 making conclusion; can invite expert to view to make right conclusion. Disadv: respondent uncomfortable, or behave differently. 17

INTERVIEW Person-to-person interaction with specific purpose. Most common method.2 types: STRUCTURED UNSTRUCTURED18

Unstructured Interview Known as in-depth interview. Use interview guide/framework; no specific set questions. + spontaneous questions.Can be conducted in …….One-to-one Group interview (focused group) 19

Use for in-depth information.Or when lack of information.Flexibility on what to ask of a respondent; elicit rich information.Thus, sometimes used to contruct structured instrument.20

Disadv.: No specific set question, comparability difficult.Questions may keep changing; info at beginning may be different from later.Freedom may lead to interviewer bias.More skill needed to use interview guide than structured interview. 21

Structured interviewPre-determined set questions in interview schedule:Same wordingSame order of questions Interview schedule/research instrument: Written list of questions Open-ended/ closedFor use by interviewerIn person-to-person interaction (face-to-face, by telephone, or by other electronic means)22

Adv: provides uniform info, which ensures comparability of data.Required fewer interviewing skills than unstructured interviewing.23

QUESTIONNAIREIs a written list of questions; answer recorded by respondents.Respondent read the questions, interpret & write down answers him/herself.Different from interview, where interviewer asks qn & write respondents replies on interview schedule. 24

Rules for questionnaire:Questions must be clear & easy to understand.Layout is easy to read, pleasant to the eye, sequence of qn easy to follow. Interactive style – as if someone talking to respondent. Sensitive qn – prefaced with statement of explanation (use different font for preface to distinguish them from acual question). 25

Choose Interview Schedule or Questionnaire?Depends on: Nature of investigation Sensitive questions, questionnaire better. Geographical distribution of study populationRespondents scattered, use questionnaire – cheaper.Type of studyIlliterate, very young or very old, or handicapped – use interview schedule. 26

Ways of Administering a QuestionnaireMailed questionnaire Send out to prospective rspdnt Must have addresses Prepaid self-address envelopeWith covering letter (brief explanation of study, indicate confidentiality & participation is voluntary, + other impt qn).A Major problem --- low response rate. 27

2. Collective questionnaireCaptive audience (e.g., students in lecture hall)High response rate coz few will refuse. Can explain purpose & importance of study face-to-face + can clarify qn. Quickest was of collecting data Save money 28

3. Administration in public placeApproach & request participation of potential rspdntMore time consumingAdv same as collective qnn. 29

Questionnaire or Interview?Adv & Disadv of QuestionnaireAdv & Disadv of Interview 30

Adv & Disadv of QuestionnaireAdv: Less expensive Greater anonymity Disadv:Limited application (only for those who can read & write)Low response rate if mailed.Self-selecting bias (only those with good attitudes or motivations will response; may not be representative of study population). 31

Spontaneous response not allowed for.Response to a question may be influenced by response to other questions.Possible to consult others.A response cannot be supplemented with other information. 32

Adv & Disadv of Interview Adv: More appropriate for complex situations. Useful for collecting in-depth information.Information can be supplemented (from observations of non-verbal reactions). Questions can be explained. Interviewing has a wider application. Any type of population – children, illiterate, young & old. 33

Disadv:Time-consuming & expensive.Quality of interaction can influence quality of data.Quality of interviewer can influence quality of data. Quality of data vary when many interviewers are used. Researcher may introduce his/her bias (e.g., in framing the question). Interviewer may be biased (e.g., in the way of questioning).34

Forms of QuestionsForm & wording of questions may affect type & quality of information obtained.Types of question: Open-ended Close-ender 35

Open-ended QuestionPossible responses are not given.Respondent writes the answer (for questionnaire)Interviewer record the respondents’ answers (verbatim or summary)Useful for seeking opinions, attitudes or perceptions. 36

Closed-ended QuestionPossible answers given.Respondent or interviewer tick the answer.Useful for eliciting factual information 37

Adv & Disadv of Open-ended QuestionAdv: Provide in-depth & wealth of info. Provide opportunity for respondent to express their opinion, resulting in more variety of info. Allow respondents to express themselves freely; eliminate the possibility of investigator bias.38

Disadv:Analysis more difficult (must do content analysis in order to classify the data).Some respondents may not be able to express themselves, so information may be lost.Greater chance of interviewer bias. 39

Adv & Disadv of Closed-ended QuestionAdv: Ready-made categories; help ensure info needed is obtained. Easy to analyse. Disadv:Info lacks depth & variety.Investigator bias – may list answer he/she is interested in.40

Given response could condition thinking of respondentsMay create tendency among respondents and interviewers to tick a category/ries without thinking through the issue.41

Considerations in formulating questions:Always use simple & everyday language.Do not use ambiguous questions. Do not ask double-barrelled questions. Do not ask leading questions. Do not ask questions that are based on presumptions.42

FORMULATING QUESTIONSIs anyone in your family having ‘HN1N1?Is difficult for you to be a student and a wife?Are you happy with your university?How often and how much time do you spend visiting your lecturer? In your opinion, eating lemang with rendang or peanut sauce is nice? 43

Smoking is bad, isn’t it?‘Ponteng kuliah’ is bad, isn’t it?How many cigarettes do you smoke in a day?What handphone do you use?44

COLLECTING DATA USING SECONDARY SOURCESSources of Data:Government or semi-government publicationsEarlier researchPersonal records Mass-media 45

Problems using secondary dataValidity & reliabilityPersonal biasAvailability of dataFormat 46

Summary: Lecture 10Students will state what they have learned in Lecture 10.47