An Approach to Therapy amp A Theory of Personality Psychodynamic Theory Emphasizes unconscious motivation Main causes of behavior lie buried in the unconscious mind Three Levels of Awareness Conscious ID: 375882
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Psychoanalysis
An Approach to Therapy & A Theory of PersonalitySlide2
Psychodynamic Theory
Emphasizes unconscious motivation
Main causes of behavior lie buried in the unconscious mind
Three Levels of AwarenessConsciousCurrent contents of your mind – actively usedCalled “Working Memory”Easily and frequently accessedPreconsciousContents of mind you are not currently aware ofMemories, knowledge, wishes, feelingsAvailable when neededUnconsciousContents kept out of conscious awarenessNot accessibleSlide3
Techniques to reveal The Unconscious
FREE ASSOCIATION
- Speaking whatever comes to mind w/out censorship. *Psychoanalysts need to be able to identify when something important is said
PROJECTIVE TECHNIQUES – Uses the idea that what a person sees in an ambiguous figure or image reflects his/her personality.DREAM ANALYSIS – Uncovering subconscious by interpreting content of dreamsManifest content – actual dreamLatent content – what elements of the dream actually represent
RECOVERED MEMORIES
– Memories hidden in the subconscious.Slide4
FREUD’s STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY
Personality is a dynamic system directed by 3 mental structures:
Id: The Demanding Child
Ruled by the pleasure principleSuperego: The JudgeRuled by the moral principleEgo: The Traffic CopRuled by the reality principleSlide5
THE ID:
Innate biological urges and impulses
Self-serving, irrational, totally unconscious
Pleasure principle
Wishes to have desires fulfilled NOW, regardless of consequences
THE EGO:
Executive, which directs id energies
Partially conscious
Reality principle
Delays action until it is practical and/or appropriate
THE SUPEREGO:
Judge or censor for thoughts and actions of the ego
Comes from parents or caregivers
Morality & guiltSlide6
DYNAMics of PERSONALITY & ANXIETIES
Ego is ALWAYS caught in the middle of battles between superego’s desires for moral behavior and the id’s desires for immediate gratification
Neurotic Anxiety: Caused by id impulses that the ego can barely control
Moral Anxiety: Comes from threats of punishment from the superegoDEFENSE MECHANISMS – Unconscious mental processes employed by the ego to reduce anxiety.Repression – pushing stressors out of mindReaction Formation – doing the oppositeDisplacement – ego redirects drive away from what id wantsSublimation – doing something society values insteadProjection – blame someone else Rationalization – thinking logicallyRegression – retreating to an earlier stage of developmentSlide7
Defense mechanismsSlide8
Freud’s Psychosexual stages of development
Freud believed that personality developed over the course of childhood in a series of stages in which the pleasure seeking energies of the id become focused on certain erogenous areas.
The libido, or pleasure-seeking energy, was the driving force behind all behavior
If these psychosexual stages are completed successfully, a healthy personality is the result. If certain issues are not resolved at the appropriate stage, fixations can occur. A fixation is a persistent focus on an earlier psychosexual stage. Until this conflict is resolved, the individual will remain "stuck" in this stage.For example, a person who is fixated at the oral stage may be over-dependent on others and may seek oral stimulation through smoking, drinking, or eating.Slide9
Freud’s Psychosexual stages of developmentSlide10
The Oedipus complex
A collection of the feelings a young boy has during their phallic stage
According to Freud, boys this age are supposed to have very strong feelings for their mother and because of those feelings they develop a jealousy toward their father. Sometimes the feelings are so strong that they want to kill their father.Slide11
The elektra
complex
Freud argued that for girls their attraction to their father will result in feelings of distaste for their mothers.Slide12
Projective tests
Used to assess personality
Provides ambiguous stimuli and the subject unconsciously projects his or her motives/feelings/desires into the ambiguous stimuli.
Seen as one of the easiest ways to assess the unconsciousSlide13
Rorshach inkblot test
Most widely used projective test
A set of 10 inkblots designed by Hermann Rorschach
Used to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots Slide14
Thematic apperception test
People express their inner motives through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes.
Subject is shown a black and white ambiguous scene on a card – then told to tell a story about the picture, including a description of the event pictures, the preceding action, thoughts and feelings of those pictured, and the outcome of the story.
Gender, Age, Ethnicity, Culture and background need to be considered by the administrators of the TAT when evaluating results.Slide15
Thematic apperception test
INTERPRETATION: Examiners usually focus analysis on one of the following:
Content: usually reveals attitudes, fantasies, wishes, inner conflicts and view of the world
Feeling or Tone of the Story: usually reveals feelings, assumptions about the world and an underlying attitude of optimism or pessimismBehaviors apart from the responses: looks at subject verbal & non-verbal responses (blushing, fidgeting, “I’m not good at this”, etc)