Surveillance Part 2 Implementing Surveillance Adapted from the FAD PRePNAHEMS Guidelines Surveillance Epidemiology and Tracing 2014 Describes sampling methods Outlines diagnostic tests ID: 698658
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Slide1
Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Tracing
Surveillance Part 2:Implementing Surveillance
Adapted from the FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Tracing (
2014).Slide2
Describes sampling methods
Outlines diagnostic testsDiagnostic sample collectionOverview of surveillance planning resources
USDA APHIS and CFSPH
FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - Surveillance Part 2
This PresentationSlide3
Sampling Methods
USDA APHIS and CFSPH
FAD
PReP
/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance,
Epi
, and Tracing - Surveillance Part 2Slide4
Considerations for accurate and practical sampling methods:
Sample typeSample sizeRandom sampling vs. targeted samplingSampling duration and frequencySample areas/locations
Availability of diagnostic
tests
Pooled testing
USDA APHIS and CFSPH
FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - Surveillance Part 2
Sampling MethodsSlide5
Sample
typeDisease agentAvailable testsLaboratory capabilities
Sample size
P
opulation sizeD
isease prevalenceDiagnostic test sensitivityConfidence level
USDA APHIS and CFSPH
FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - Surveillance Part 2
Sample Type and SizeSlide6
Random sampling
Every animal in the targeted population has an equal chance of getting selected for testing Targeted sampling May choose animals for convenience or because a certain group has a specific risk factor or higher prevalence of disease
USDA APHIS and CFSPH
FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - Surveillance Part 2
Random vs. Targeted Slide7
Comparison
Random sampling
Every animal has an equal
chance of
being selected for testing
Preferred over non-random sampling for determining prevalence or incidence of diseaseResults are better extrapolated
Targeted sampling
Animals not chosen randomly
Usually preferred during a disease outbreak
Primary objective is to identify cases of disease
Cost effective and increases likelihood of finding new cases
USDA APHIS and CFSPH
FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - Surveillance Part 2Slide8
Surveillance
Begins as soon as possible in an FAD outbreakSusceptible animalsSampled a minimum of three times during the maximum incubation period
USDA APHIS and CFSPH
FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - Surveillance Part 2
Sampling Frequency Slide9
Determining Frequency
Latent periodPeriod of time between host infection and ability to infect othersIncubation Period
Period of time between infection and development of clinical signs
Infectious
period
Period of time that an infected animal can transmit the pathogen to another susceptible animal
Rapidity of disease transmission
Likelihood of disease spread
USDA APHIS and CFSPH
FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - Surveillance Part 2Slide10
Target population may be selected based on area or location
USDA APHIS and CFSPH
FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - Surveillance Part 2
Sampling Areas/LocationsSlide11
Diagnostic test availability
Validated and approvedAffected by manufacturer capacity, reagent availability, etc.Pooled testingSamples from multiple animals are combined into a single test
Cost effective and useful when resources are limited
May not be appropriate for all samples
USDA APHIS and CFSPH
FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - Surveillance Part 2
Other ConsiderationsSlide12
Diagnostic Tests
USDA APHIS and CFSPH
FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - Surveillance Part 2Slide13
National Veterinary Services Laboratory (NVSL) determines which diagnostic tests will be used
Factors considered include:SpeedReliability and reproducibilityPrecision and accuracyEase of use
Cost
USDA APHIS and CFSPH
FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - Surveillance Part 2
Choosing a Diagnostic TestSlide14
Sensitivity
Ability of a test to correctly classify diseased animals as positiveSpecificityAbility of test to correctly classify non-diseased animals as disease negative
USDA APHIS and CFSPH
FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - Surveillance Part 2
Sensitivity and SpecificitySlide15
Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (FADDL)
Plum Island, NYNational Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL)Ames, IANational Animal Health Laboratory Network (NAHLN)Various approved laboratories
USDA APHIS and CFSPH
FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - Surveillance Part 2
Laboratory CapacitySlide16
Diagnostic Sample Collection
USDA APHIS and CFSPH
FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - Surveillance Part 2Slide17
Types of Specimens
Blood or serumSkin or vesicular lesionsEpithelial
tissue
or
vesicular fluid
Feces, rectal swabs, cloacal swabs, or genital tract swabs Semen samplesNasal, oral, or oropharyngeal swabs
Nasal
discharge, saliva, tears
Tissues
T
onsil
, spleen, kidney, liver, lymph node, lung, brain,
etc.
Milk
Other environmental samples
USDA APHIS and CFSPH
FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - Surveillance Part 2Slide18
Follow protocols to prevent cross- contamination and sample degradation
Collecting specimensPackaging specimensBiosecurity protocols
USDA APHIS and CFSPH
FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - Surveillance Part 2
Specimen CollectionSlide19
Demonstrating freedom from infection is part of a surveillance plan
Freedom from infectionImplies the absence of the pathogen in a country, zone or compartmentMust be demonstrated to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)Standards outlined in Chapter 1.4 of the OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code
USDA APHIS and CFSPH
FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - Surveillance Part 2
Freedom from InfectionSlide20
Surveillance Planning Resources
USDA APHIS and CFSPH
FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - Surveillance Part 2Slide21
Outbreak Surveillance Toolbox
Assists in surveillance plan developmentProvides:Case definitions and case classificationsPremises classifications
Disease control zones
Sampling plans
USDA APHIS and CFSPH
FAD
PReP
/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance,
Epi
, and Tracing - Surveillance Part 2
Planning ResourcesSlide22
FAD
PReP
/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Tracing, and SOP: Surveillance
http
://
www.aphis.usda.gov/fadprep
Surveillance, Epidemiology,
and Tracing web-based
training module
http://naherc.sws.iastate.edu/
USDA APHIS and CFSPH
FAD
PReP
/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance,
Epi
, and Tracing - Surveillance Part 2
For More InformationSlide23
Authors
(CFSPH)
Kerry
Leedom
Larson, DVM, MPH, PhD, DACVPM
Glenda Dvorak, DVM, MPH, DACVPM
Janice
Mogan
, DVM
Courtney Blake, BA
Reviewers (
USDA APHIS VS)
Dr. R. Alex
Thompson
Dr
. Lowell
Anderson
Dr. Steve
Goff
Dr. Fred
Bourgeois
USDA APHIS and CFSPH
FAD
PReP
/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance,
Epi
, and Tracing - Surveillance Part 2
Guidelines ContentSlide24
Acknowledgments
Development of this presentation was by the Center for Food Security and Public Health at Iowa State University through funding from
the
USDA APHIS
Veterinary
Services
PPT Authors:
Patricia
Futoma
, Veterinary
Student; Kerry
Leedom Larson, DVM, MPH, PhD,
DACVPM
Reviewers: Janice Mogan, DVM; Melissa Lang, BS