LO To examine how the United Front of the KMT and CCP defeated the Warlords Chiang Kaishek 蒋介石 Sun Yatsen 孫文 How were the Warlords defeated The New Culture and May Fourth Movement ID: 258450
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Slide1
How were the Warlords finally defeated?
L/O – To examine how the United Front of the KMT and CCP defeated the Warlords
Chiang Kai-shek
蒋介石
Sun
Yat-sen
孫文Slide2
How were the Warlords defeated?
The New Culture and
May Fourth Movement was a response to the failure of republican government and fed upon the anger felt by many during the
Warlord Period.After May Fourth, many became attracted by the ideology of
Marxism as a way to restore China. This led to the creation of the Chinese Communist Party
in 1921 and reorganisation of the KMT in 1919.Both joined together to form the ‘United Front’ in 1922. Together they launched the ‘
Northern Expedition’ in 1926. By 1928, the Warlords had been defeated despite the fact that
Chiang Kai-shek
purged the Communists from the United Front in 1927.Slide3
The Appeal of Marxism
Many intellectuals lost faith in the West after the Versailles pronouncement on Shandong. The May Fourth Movement led to a
re-evaluation of Western ideas.Many intellects like
Chen Duxiu
and Li Dazhao became attracted to Marxism – it rejected the traditions of the Chinese past
AND the Western domination of the present.The success of the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917, the Leninist theory of imperialism and the
Soviet offer of friendship to China boosted Marxism’s appeal.
Li Dazhao
李大钊
Chen
Duxiu
陈独秀Slide4
The Appeal of Marxism
Firstly, Moscow announced in 1918 that it would renounce all the old Tsarist special rights and privileges that Russia held in China. This
unilateral expression of friendship was well received in China.Secondly, Lenin’s theory on imperialism was persuasive to Chinese radicals – it blamed the West for China’s ills and
predicted the demise of the West and
rise of Asia.By 1919, Marxism-Leninism study groups
sprang-up across China. The National University of Peking became a hotbed of radicalism.
Vladimir Lenin
Ленин
Karl Marx in 1875Slide5
The Role of Li Dazhao & Chen Duxiu
By mid-1918, the radical librarian of the National University of Beijing – Li Dazhao
– had converted to Marxism.He founded the ‘New Tide Society’ in Autumn 1918, later renaming it ‘
The Marxist Research Society’. He also wrote for
New Youth magazine, editing a whole issue on Marxism in 1919.Li’s library office became known as the ‘
Red Chamber’. He attracted a number of young followers – Qu Qiubai, Zhang Guotao
and Mao Zedong all became future leaders of the CCP.
Li Dazhao
李大钊
Zhang
Guotao
张国焘
Qu
Qiubai
瞿秋白
Mao Zedong
毛泽东Slide6
The Role of Li Dazhao & Chen Duxiu
Chen Duxiu was the founder of ‘
New Youth’ in 1915. He was also Dean of the National University of Beijing. Here he was introduced to Marxism by Li Dazhao.
Chen was forced to resign from the university by conservative staff and was
jailed for 3 months for distributing inflammatory literature in June 1919.Chen moved to Shanghai, creating the ‘
Marxist Study Society’ in May 1920 and ‘Socialist Youth Corps’ in August 1920.
Chen
Duxiu
陈独秀Slide7
The Role of Li Dazhao & Chen Duxiu
In December 1919, Li Dazhao’s Marxist Research Society was replaced by the ‘
Society for the Study of Socialism’. He then merged with other groups to form ‘Beijing Society for the Study of Marxist Theory
’ in March 1920.By 1920, two distinct Marxists groups had formed in China. In 1920, the COMINTERN agent,
Grigori Voitinsky arrived in China.
He met with Li in Beijing and Chen in Shanghai, helping them to establish the Chinese Communist Party.
Li Dazhao
李大钊
Grigori
Voitinsky
维经斯基Slide8
Birth of the Chinese Communist Party
In July 1921, the first Congress of the CCP was held in Shanghai, at a girls boarding school in the French concession.
12 Delegates attended including Mao Zedong. They decided to establish the
Central Party Headquarters in Shanghai. Li and Chen were named as co-founders
of the CCP and Chen was elected as the first General Secretary.
However splits soon emerged over the direction of the Party.Slide9Slide10
Splits in the Early CCP
Chen Duxiu – subscribed to European Marxism’s
emphasis on the workers and showed disdain toward the peasants. He believed
urban elements should spearhead the movement.
Li Dazhao – stressed the importance of the peasantry to lead the revolution, as they made up more than
90% of the population and agriculture was still the basis of the national economy.
Li Dazhao
李大钊
Chen
Duxiu
陈独秀Slide11
Splits in the Early CCP
The early CCP supported Chen’s views and Chen’s base in Shanghai was made the Central Party Headquarters.
However Li’s views provided a powerful alternative to other communists like Mao Zedong.
Mao was inspired by Li’s populist and nationalistic views on the
role of the peasants. Li was executed
by Warlord Zhang Zuolin in 1927 however Mao carried on his mentor’s ideas.
Mao Zedong
毛泽东
Zhang
Zuolin
张作霖Slide12
Reorganisation of the Nationalist Party
Since 1912, Sun Yat-sen
had faced disappointment in his attempts to create a lasting democratic government.He created the Chinese Nationalist Party or ‘
Kuomintang’ (国民党) in 1919 but faced obstruction from
southern warlords in his attempt to grow the movement.He was also disappointed by the lack of support and insincerity
from the West, especially after the Paris Peace Conference in 1919.
Sun
Yat-sen
孫文Slide13
Reorganisation of the Nationalist Party
Like the Marxists, Sun became inspired by the successful Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 – it illustrated what
strict discipline and strong party organisation could do.
He was also inspired by the founding of the CCP, with its strong ties with labour and agrarian organisations
. Sun resolved to reorganise the KMT on the Soviet Model
and sought Soviet aid for the National Revolution.Slide14
Creation of the First United Front
In Spring 1921 the Dutch Comintern agent,
H. Maring, met with Sun in Guangxi province (广西
). He was impressed by Sun and urged the CCP to join with the KMT.In August 1922, Chen and Li gave into pressure from the Comintern
and permitted individual communists to join the KMT.
On September 4th, Nationalists leaders agreed with Sun’s policy of ‘Alliance with the Soviets; admission of the Communists’ – the United Front was created.
Henk
Sneevliet
code-named
‘
H. Maring
’Slide15
Why did Sun agree to the United Front?
Sun felt that all Chinese classes
had a right to participate in the National Revolution
He wanted to utilise the CCP’s ties with labour & agrarian organisations
Needed Soviet aid to reorganise the KMT
Believed that the independent growth of the CCP would undermine his own cause
Worried that Soviet aid might go to rival warlords.
Sun
Yat-sen
孫文Slide16
Who held power within the United Front?
Chen Duxiu feared that joining the KMT might
corrupt communists. Only individual communists were allowed to join and the CCP remained independent.However the Russian Comintern
realised that the KMT had more widespread support. They sought to use the KMT and eventually
take over from within.However Communists joining the KMT had to submit themselves to
KMT rules and discipline, and Sun’s 3 Principles remained the core ideology.
Chen
Duxiu
陈独秀
Sun
Yat-sen
孫文Slide17
Who held power within the United Front?
Despite their junior position, Sun
failed to realise the full implications of CCP admittance:Sun was
idealistic and believed the
Comintern would help him control the CCP.
He hoped individual CCP members would be submerged within the KMT.He failed to realise that Moscow really wanted to take over the Party
from within.
Sun
Yat-sen
孫文Slide18
How did the USSR help the United Front?
With the United Front created, the Soviets sent
Mikhail Borodin
to help Sun reorganise the KMT.
General Galen and 40 other advisors were also sent to help train the Party army.In return, Sun sent the young General
Chiang Kai-shek to study the Soviet Military System in Moscow in August 1923. Chiang returned after 3 months and was commissioned by Sun to found the Whampoa Military Academy outside Canton
. The USSR supplied money and weapons.
Mikhail Borodin
Vasily
Blyukher
code-named
‘Galen’
Chiang Kai-shek
蒋介石Slide19
Chiang Kai-shek and Sun
Yat-sen
at the founding of the Whampoa Military AcademySlide20
The Death of Sun Yat-sen
On 12th March 1925, Sun
Yat-sen died. Political control of the KMT passed to the left-wing Wang Jingwei and the right-wing
Hu Hanmin.
Military power resided with Chiang Kai-shek, superintended of the
Whampoa Military Academy. Under Chiang, the cadets from Whampoa became a strong force, bringing under control rebel provincial governors like Chen
Jiongming in the southwest.
Wang Jingwei
汪精卫
Chiang and Hu
Hanmin
胡汉民
Chen
Jiongming
陈炯明Slide21
The Death of Sun Yat-sen
On 1st July 1925 the
Nationalist Government was proclaimed in Canton, in parallel with the Beijing government in the north.Wang Jingwei was appointed
President of this KMT government. Chiang was appointed as Commander-in-Chief
of the ‘National Revolutionary Army’.
By February 1926, all opposition to the KMT in the southern provinces had been crushed. Chiang was given the task of launching the ‘Northern Expedition’ to reunify China.
Wang Jingwei
汪精卫
Chiang Kai-shek
蒋介石Slide22
The Northern Expedition
On 27th June 1926 Chiang Kai-shek set out with
6,000 Whampoa Officers and 85,000 troops. The Northern Expedition had begun.Chiang’s objectives were to destroy the power of the warlords. He targeted:
Zhili
Warlord Wu Peifu who controlled Henan, Hubei and parts of
Zhili and Hunan.Fengtien Warlord Zhang Zuolin
who was the ‘Generalissimo of Beijing’ and ruled Manchuria, Zhili
and Shandong.
Sun
Chuanfang
who was an independent warlord controlling Nanjing, Jiangsu, Zhejiang,
Fujien
, Jiangxi and Anhui.
Wu
Peifu
吴佩孚
Zhang
Zuolin
张作霖
Sun
Chuanfang
孙传芳Slide23
The Northern Expedition
Strengthened by Soviet supplies, the National Revolution Army advanced with rapid speed.
Communists agents helped by mobilising peasant and worker support, fermenting
strikes and sabotage in areas precipitating major attacks by the KMT.They took Wuhan in September 1926,
Nanchang in November, Fuzhou in December,
Shanghai and Nanjing in March 1927 – within 9 months, the Southern half of China had been completely captured!Slide24Slide25Slide26
The Breakdown of the United Front
However the United Front soon broke down. CCP members formed a secret bloc
within the KMT, influencing the direction of the Party.The left-wing of the Party at
Canton called a Second National Congress
in January 1926. Communists won new memberships
in the Party hierarchy.In response, the right-wing ‘Western Hill’ faction set up their own party headquarters in Shanghai – the KMT was now split into rival factions.Slide27
The Zhongshan Warship Incident
Relations worsened further after the ‘Warship Zhongshan
Incident’ (中山舰事件) on 20th March 1926
. Under Communist influence, the captain of the Zhongshan attempted to kidnap Chiang Kai-shek
. It failed and Chiang used the incident to dismiss all Soviet advisors from the First Army.
Throughout 1926, the KMT Central Executive Committee passed a number of resolutions limiting Communist influence – Stalin ordered the CCP to comply.
Chiang Kai-shek
蒋介石Slide28
Growing Splits within the KMT
On 1st January 1927
, the KMT decided to move the government from Canton to Wuhan. The Wuhan government was dominated by
Borodin and the KMT left-wing led by Wang Jingwei.
Ordered by Stalin, the Communists began intensifying their work amongst the peasants in Central China. Chiang Kai-shek was busy setting up power bases in
Shanghai and Nanjing.With the support of the right-wing and financial circles in Shanghai, Chiang became more determined to persecute the Communists.
Wang Jingwei
汪精卫
Mikhail BorodinSlide29
The Shanghai Massacre (
四·一二清黨)On April 12
th 1927, Chiang launched a purge
of all Communists from the Party. Nationalist troops, police and secret agents raided Communist cells, shot down suspects and
eliminated Communist labour unions.It began with a
massacre of over 300 Communists in Shanghai but also spread to Nanjing, Canton and other areas.In response, the Wang’s
Wuhan-based KMT government dismissed Chiang as commander-in-chief of the
National Revolutionary Army
. Chiang ignored this, forming his own Nationalist government at
Nanjing
.Slide30
Defeat of the Left-Wing KMT
Having now split, Wang’s left-wing KMT under the influence of
Borodin and the Communists launched its own ‘Second Northern Expedition’ against Beijing.
It was successful at first but ultimately ground to a halt. The warlords Feng
Yuxiang and Yan
Xishan switched support to Chiang Kai-shek as the ‘true nationalist government’.Wang Jingwei, the President of the Wuhan KMT, then
fell out with the Communists after being shown a telegram from Stalin, calling for the Communists to take over.
Feng
Yuxiang
冯玉祥
Yan
Xishan
阎锡山Slide31
Reconciliation of the KMT
Realising the threat posed by the Communists, on 26th July 1927 Wang ordered all Communists to
leave the KMT party unless they resigned their CCP membership.
The finally split came after the failed Communist Nanchang Uprising
(南昌起义)on 1st August 1927. In response Wang ordered the
all-out liquidation of the Communists.The Nanjing and Wuhan KMT then reconciled on 10th December. Chiang was reappointed commander-in-chief
. The Wuhan government dissolved itself in February 1928, with Wang fleeing to Europe.
Wang Jingwei
汪精卫
Zhou
Enlai
周恩来
L
eader of the failed Nanchang UprisingSlide32
Reunification of China
With the help of Feng Yuxiang
and Yan Xishan
, Chiang marched on Beijing in June 1928.The self-styled ‘Generalissimo’ of Beijing –
Zhang Zuolin – fled to Manchuria where he was killed in a ‘train explosion’ engineered by the Japanese on 4
th June 1928.His son, Zhang Xueliang, pledged allegiance to the Nationalist Government.
By January 1929, most of China had be re-united by Chiang Kai-shek who was made
President
, with a new capital at Nanjing. This ushered in a decade of Nationalist rule in China.
Zhang
Zoulin
张作霖
Zhang
Xueliang
張學良Slide33
Paper 3 - Exam Question 1 (2009)
Compare and contrast the aims and policies of the Communists and the Nationalists in China during the First United Front established in 1924 (20 marks)
Candidates will probably conclude that each party had its own agenda but a common immediate purpose; the defeat of the warlords and the establishment of a unified government for China. However, they differed as to the ultimate form of that government. Jiang
Jieshi
(Chiang Kai Shek) used the Communists’ support among the peasantry and workers to gain popular support for the military drive to the north. The Communists used the opportunities created by the northern advance to spread their ideology among the people. With the capture of Shanghai, Jiang
Jieshi (Chiang Kai Shek) and the Nationalists gained access to the wealth and influence of the powerful commercial classes and turned on the Communists. The Communists, on the other hand, had also their agenda of social revolution in both town and country. The Nationalists struck first, but expect candidates to recognise that the programmes of the two parties were basically incompatible. Candidates may also note the role of Stalin and the
Comintern in support of the United Front, even after the events in Shanghai in 1927, and the role of factional leaders in both parties.
N.B.
[7 marks]
maximum if only one party is discussed.
[0 to 7 marks]
maximum for a narrative account only.
[8 to 10 marks]
for a simple comparative account.
[11 to 13 marks] for simple comparative analysis of the policies and aims of the two parties over the period. [14 to 16 marks] for detailed analysis of the ideologies and aims of the two parties and awareness of the changing relationship as the forces of the United Front advanced. [17+ marks]
for running comparative analysis of the aims, policies and actions of the two parties showing awareness of the complexity of the situation. Slide34
Paper 3 - Exam Question 2
(2003)“Neither the Chinese Communist Party nor the Kuomintang entered the First United Front in 1923 believing that it would survive for very long.” How far do you agree with this assessment? (20 marks)
Candidates may well agree. Award
[7 marks]
for a narrative of events leading to the creation of the United Front and to its collapse in 1927. For [8 to 10 marks] candidates should
show awareness that the events of the period 1923 to 1927 may indicate the degree of sincerity with which each party joined the Front. For [11 to 13 marks] expect simple analysis
and awareness of the unity of purpose against the warlords but also of the different agendas after the warlords were defeated.
For
[14 to 16 marks]
this analysis should be more
fully developed
and support a conclusion
.
For [17+ marks]
expect sophisticated analysis and discussion based upon historical evidence and covering the period leading up to the creation of the Front with recognition of the role of the Soviet advisers and the different agendas of the parties and of the factions and leaders within them.Slide35
1-2
No understanding of question, Little or no
structure, Unsupported generalisations
3-4
Little understanding of question, knowledge
present but insufficient detail, Poorly substantiated assertions.
5-6
Some understanding of question, knowledge
is limited in quality & quantity, question partially addressed.
7-8
Question generally understood,
relevant knowledge present but unevenly applied, knowledge is narrative or descriptive in nature, may be limited argument/analysis, attempt at structure
9-11
Question is understood
but not all implication considered, knowledge largely accurate, critical commentary/analysis may be present, events in context, clear structure
12-14
Clearly focused on question, relevant in-depth knowledge
applied as evidence, in-depth analysis/critical commentary used but not consistent, historiography may be used to substantiate, synthesis present but not consistent
15-17
Clearly structured and focused, full awareness of question, may challenge question, accurate and detailed knowledge used convincingly to support analysis/critical commentary,
historiography used effectively, synthesis is well-developed & supported by knowledge and analysis
18-20
As
above but… with high degree of awareness of question, may challenge successfully, knowledge is extensive and accurately applied, evaluation is integrated into answer, synthesis & use of historiography highly developed