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www.nottingham.ac.uk/iessg

The Implementation of the Cornell Ionospheric Scintillation Model into the Spirent GNSS Simulator

Marcio Aquino, Zeynep Elmas, Chris Hill, Terry Moore

Institute of Engineering Surveying & Space Geodesy

The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

Stuart Smith, Mahiuddin Mirza, Mark Holbrow

Spirent Communications - Positioning Technology, Paignton, UKSlide2

Small scale plasma / electron density irregularities

Fluctuations in the phase and amplitude of the received signal Ionospheric Scintillation Scintillation indices  and S4  : sd of the measured phase S4 : sd of the received signal power normalized by the average signal powerIonospheric Diffractive Effects on GNSS signals Slide3

Geographic and temporal variation in scintillation occurrence

Code and phase tracking loop performance can be degraded Variance of the error at DLL / PLL output (tracking jitter) increases during scintillationGood measure of the effect of scintillation on a receiver Ionospheric Scintillation Effects on GNSS receivers

DLLPLLRapid phase fluctuations Affects accurate phase estimationCycle slips, loss of lock, difficulty in trackingRapid intensity fluctuations Affects accurate code phase alignmentDifficulty in acquisitionSlide4

Variance of the Signal

Tracking Loop ErrorModel suggested by Conker et al (2003)p (spectral slope)T (spectral strength of phase noise at 1 Hz)p=1.4TAdvantages

Available, easy to implementApplicable to new signalsDrawbacksLimited to weak-moderate scintillation levelsSpectral parameters p and T are neededPhase & amplitude scintillation modelled as independentSlide5

Scintillation Study StrategySlide6

Scintillation Study StrategySlide7

Equatorial scintillation model

Based on statistical properties of scintillation effects Cornell Scintillation ModelstartReceiver to be testedSlide8

CSM can be used for

testing GPS receiver phase tracking loops performance under equatorial scintillation:Deep fading requires signal amplitude and phase spectra to be shaped as “dependent” on each other.Two important assumptions in CSM: 1) Amplitude of GNSS signal due to scintillation environment follows Rice distribution 2) “Scintillation component” of GNSS signal has a spectrum similar to that of white noise passing through a 2nd order low pass Butterworth filter.Cornell Scintillation ModelSlide9

S

4 : stdev of received signal power normalized by average signal power0 : “” is the decorrelation time parameter such that at time 0 the autocorrelation function reduces to 1/eth of its initial value e.g. high S4 and low 0 represent severe scintillationCornell Scintillation ModelCSM requires two inputs to define the severity of the scintillation :Slide10

Scintillation time histories written in correct file format

Scintillation file selected in the simulation scenario Track the perturbed signals with a scintillation specific receiverScintillation data recordedImplementation of the CSMSlide11

Spirent GSS8000 GNSS Simulator changes signal level (dB) and carrier phase range offsets (m) of the generated signals according to the

User Commands File with input provided by the CSM

Signal level changes (dB)Carrier phase range offsets (m)Implementation of the CSM in the Spirent GNSS SimulatorSlide12

Illustration of CSM

GNSS Scintillation SimulationSlide13
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Three 10-minute scintillation intervals

Scintillation indices S4 and  recorded by the GSV4004B receiver are plotted (red bars show interval averages) S4

CSM PerformanceSlide15

Based on scintillation indices S

4 and  output by GSV4004 Rx, signal tracking performance can be evaluated from the variance of PLL error (Conker model, Strangeways Ff)Receiver PerformanceSlide16
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Six 15-minute scintillation intervals

Scintillation indices S4 and  recorded by the GSV4004B receiver are plotted(red bars show interval averages). S4

=0.2r=0.15rRecorded by receiverCSM PerformanceSlide18

When

 could not be recorded (due to loss of lock) calculation of error variance for receiver phase tracking loop using the Conker model was not possibleOnly possible to calculate the PLL error variance for 3rd, 4th and 6th scintillation intervals Receiver PerformanceSlide19

During ionospheric scintillation,

availability, reliability and accuracy of GNSS can be affected;Signal acquisition can be hindered,Code and carrier tracking can be difficult,Observations can degrade in accuracy.It is of paramount importance to test GNSS receivers against degrading effects of ionospheric scintillation prior to the peak of the solar cycleCSM in combination with the Spirent simulator offers a potentially reliable method of testing GNSS vulnerability and receiver performance under certain limitations/conditions.GNSS Vulnerability Slide20

CSM is based on

equatorial scintillation effects.CSM is not a global scintillation model.In its current version, CSM is not a multi-frequency scintillation model.CSM is not applicable for testing multi-frequency GNSS receivers against equatorial scintillation.Ionospheric scintillation is typically associated with localized irregularity patches.Effects of these patches may disagree with the statistics observed in the case of homogeneous irregularities as implemented by CSM.Limitations of CSM Slide21

CSM was able to reproduce simulated scintillation levels as verified by a specialised GPS scintillation monitor receiver

As a measure of the effect of scintillation on receiver performance so far we have only assessed its influence on the PLL tracking error variance estimated from the models of Conker et al. It was seen that CSM can be used in combination with these tracking models for the purpose of testing receiver robustness during scintillation Conclusions Slide22

Through

availability of real equatorial scintillation data, scintillation parameters can be obtained to create scintillation time histories with CSMSuch scintillation effects can be implemented in a GNSS signal simulator such as Spirent GNSS signal simulator to lab-test a GNSS receiver’s signal tracking performanceDifferent PLL models can be tested (e.g. different loop order, bandwidth)Insights into expected receiver performance for different scintillation levels. Implementing scintillation effects for all receiver-satellite links to assess implication on positioning and navigation.Future WorkSlide23

Professor Terry Moore

Director of IESSG The University of Nottingham Innovation Park, Triumph RoadNottingham NG7 2TUUKTelephone: +44 (0) 115 951 3886Fax: +44 (0) 115 951 3881Email: terry.moore@nottingham.ac.uk WWW: www.nottingham.ac.uk/iessgSlide24