Pages 473476 and 494497 Teeth mechanical digestion through mastication Salivary glands parotid submandibular sublingual Secrete saliva a bicarbonate rich juice chemical digestion via secretions of enzymes ID: 775882
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Slide1
Accessory Organs to the Digestive Tract
Pages 473-476 and 494-497
Slide2Teeth – mechanical digestion through masticationSalivary glands – parotid, submandibular, sublingualSecrete saliva, a bicarbonate rich juicechemical digestion via secretions of enzymesSalivary amylase begins starch digestionSaliva also contains lysozyme and antibodies to inhibit bacteriaPancreasLiverGallbladder
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Accessory Digestive Organs
Slide3Figure 14.1 The human digestive system: Alimentary canal and accessory organs.
Mouth (oral cavity)
Tongue
Esophagus
Parotid gland
Sublingual gland
Submandibular
gland
Salivary glands
Pharynx
Stomach
Pancreas
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Ascending colon
Cecum
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
Appendix
Anal canal
Anus
Small
intestine
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Liver
Gallbladder
Large intestine
Slide4Produces digestive enzymes that break down all categories of foodreleases into the duodenum via the hepatopancreatic ampullaAlkaline (bicarbonate) fluid with these enzymes neutralizes the acidic chymeProduces hormones: (negative feedback loops)Insulin – reduces blood glucose Glucagon – raises blood glucose
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Pancreas
Slide5largest gland in the body; consists of four lobescan regenerate if part is damaged/removedsuspended from the diaphragm and abdominal wall by the falciform ligamentConnected to the gallbladder via the common hepatic duct
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Liver
Slide6the body’s key metabolic organAfter the GI tract, blood travels to liver via the hepatic portal circulationRoles in digestion:Manufactures bile and blood clotting proteinsDetoxifies drugs and alcoholDegrades hormonesProduces cholesterol:Low Density Lipoproteins: transport cholesterol/lipids to the cells; large amounts circulating can build up in vessel lumen (BAD GUYS)High Density Lipoproetins: transport cholesterol from the cells to the liver for disposal in bile (GOOD GUYS)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Central Role of the Liver in Metabolism
Slide7The liver manages blood glucose levels through:Glycogenesis: “Building glycogen”Glucose is removed from the blood (via insulin)Converted to glycogen and stored in the liverGlycogenolysis: “Splitting glycogen”Glucose is released into the blood (via glucagon)Glycogen is “split” and put back into bloodGluconeogenesis: “Building glycogen from other sources”The Liver can make glucose using fats and amino acids
The Liver and Blood Glucose
Slide8produced by the livera yellow-green, watery solution containing:Bile salts and bile pigments (mostly bilirubin from the breakdown of hemoglobin)Cholesterol, phospholipids, and electrolytesleaves the liver via the common hepatic ductenters duodenum through the bile ductFunction: emulsify fatsChemically breaks down large fat globules
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Bile
Slide9Sac found in shallow fossa of liverWhen no digestion is occurring: bile backs up the cystic duct for storage in the gallbladderWater is removed at this time to concentrate itGallstonescrystallized cholesterol that can cause blockagesResult from removal of too much waterProlonged storage in gallbladder
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Gallbladder
Slide10Figure 14.6 The duodenum of the small intestine and related organs.
Right and left
hepatic ducts
from liver
Cystic duct
Common hepatic duct
Bile duct and sphincter
Accessory pancreatic duct
Pancreas
Jejunum
Main pancreatic duct and sphincter
Duodenum
Hepatopancreatic
ampulla and sphincter
Duodenal
papilla
Gallbladder