Week Six I The Winds of Change A Blew from West to East and then South B But blocked at the Zambezi River II Resistance to Independence came from settler colonies A Virtually all ID: 390850
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Slide1
ARMED STRUGGLE
Week SixSlide2
I.) The Winds of Change
A.) Blew from West to East and then South
B.) But blocked at the Zambezi RiverSlide3
II.) Resistance to Independence came from “settler colonies”
A.) Virtually
all
B.)
Something to lose
C.) Many came from PortugalSlide4
III.) Portugal delays de-colonization
A.) Authoritarian ruler in the metropole: Antonio de Oliveira Salazar
B.) Portugal
needed resources
C.) African political movements were CRUSHED; moved quickly to armed resistanceSlide5
Angola and MozambiqueSlide6
III.) Portugal delays de-colonization
D.)Mozambique
FRELIMO: Front for the Liberation of Mozambique
In Angola, three different armed movements:
FNLA: Frente de Libertaçao de Angola, Holden Roberto
North, Congolese
MPLA: Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola
Central, Kimbunda & “mestizos”, Marxist
UNITA: Union for Total Independence of Angola, Joseph Savimbi
Highlands & East,
Ovimbundu
Slide7
III.) Portugal delays de-colonization
E.) Coup in Portugal, 1974 – end the empire
In Mozambique, smooth transition to FRELIMO and
Samora
Machel
In Angola, not so smooth –
big struggle
MPLA finally ended up on topSlide8
III.) Portugal delays de-colonization
F.) Conflict continued
South Africa intervention in 1975
Backed RENAMO or MNR: Mozambique National Resistance
Another decade of war (1980’s) Negotiated peace in 1990Slide9
III.) Portugal delays de-colonization
G.) Conflict continued in Angola
25 years of war after independence in 1975
Jonas Savimbi, UNITA
Current
President
Killed in 2002 Jose Eduardo dos SantosSlide10
IV.) Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe)
A.) Central African Federation, 1953-63
Economic union of S. Rhodesia, N. Rhodesia & Nyasaland (now Zimbabwe, Zambia, & Malawi)
Buffer zone of moderated white supremacy
B.) Didn’t work
C.) White Rhodesia declares independence from Britain, Nov. 11, 1965
UN sanctions Slide11
IV.) Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe)
D.)Banned African nationalist parties:
ZANU (Zimbabwe African National Union),Mugabe
ZAPU (Zimbabwe African People’s Union),
NkomoRobert Mugabe Ian Douglas SmithSlide12
IV.) Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe)
1.) At first, Smith did well
2. )
Gorilla
movement developed, early ‘70’sSecond
Chimurenga
Led by Mugabe, bases in Mozambique
E.) The war deepened
1.) 30,000 dead, a million refugees
2.) Ian Smith negotiated elections
3.) Mugabe won, assumed leadership, Ap. 1980Slide13
V.) South West Africa (Namibia)
Administered by South Africa after WWII
A.) Low level resistance intensified when the Angola struggle spilled over the boarders, South Africa involved
B.) UN calls for elections in 1980 to remove South Africa
1.) profound shift in South Africa
2.) regional intertwining is common in de- colonization Slide14
VI.) All colonies eventually became independent
But scars are deep, painful,
and on-going