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Issues of Household Food Security in a Developing Country Issues of Household Food Security in a Developing Country

Issues of Household Food Security in a Developing Country - PowerPoint Presentation

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Issues of Household Food Security in a Developing Country - PPT Presentation

Bhawani Mishra Kamol Ngamsomsuke Thomas G Johnson 2 National level Regional level Community level Market level Individual level Household level Source FAO Food security studies can be done at the different ID: 328177

security food level household food security household level 100 land total issues source adult caste equivalent group ethnic major

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Slide1

Issues of Household Food Security in a Developing Country

Bhawani Mishra

Kamol

Ngamsomsuke

Thomas G.

JohnsonSlide2

2

National level

Regional level

Community level

Market level

Individual level

Household level

Source: FAO

Food security studies can be done at the different

levels

Food security studySlide3

3

Food Security at the Household

L

evel

As we move to the lower hierarchal levels, food security becomes more complex. (National level ---to---- Individual Level)

Food security at the household level is

an outcome of many

factors – social, economical, environmental,

political, institutional etc…

Food security issues

presented here are based on a case study

done in Nepal.Slide4

4

Out of 44 Village Development Committees (VDCs

)

Figure: Map of Nepal Showing

Kailali

District .Figure: Selected VDCs in Kailali

District.Kailali

is one of the food sufficient districts in Nepal. Study AreaSlide5

5

Data Collection

Household Interviews , Group Discussions (primary data source)

Publications from Government Offices- (Secondary data source

).

Analyses done based on caste/ethnic groups.

T

he

household level is

appropriate

for studying the factors affecting food security (Gittelsohn,

Mookherji, and Pelto 1998)

Reasons of studying food security at the household level

Little previous work

done to operationalize the concept at the household level in Nepal

(

Gittelsohn

et al., 1998).

Food production and consumption decisions are actually made at the household level. Slide6

6

Household

Expenditure

(Food, non food)

Social

variables

(Caste,

education

)

Income

(Farm, non farm)

Resource

endowment

(capital goods)

Polic

ies

,

community resources, institutional supports, market

s

Questionnaire

s

Group

discussions

Secondary

data

Tertiary factors

In

terlinkages

Problem

s

F

ood security at the household level

Research MethodsSlide7

7

Majority of the households are in subsistence farming.

Food security at the household level largely

depends

on agriculture performance.Landholding size is a very important constraint to productivity.

Landholdings are generally small .Landholding distribution skewed in favor of certain types of households.

Characteristics of Households

Major Issues of Food SecuritySlide8

8

Landholdings (National level)

Size

of holdings

%

of total Holdings Area (000 ha.)

% of Holdings<1.0 ha.(2.47

Acre)69.4791.9

30.51.0 – 5.0 ha.

29.11470.6

55.65.0 – 10

ha.1.2

209.3

8.1

>10

0.3

151.3

5.8

Total

100

2,597.4

100

Source: Central Bureau of Statistics, 2002

Major Issues of Food SecuritySlide9

9

Landholding size in study area

30

kattha

=1 hectare= 2.47 Acre

Major Issues of Food SecuritySlide10

Caste/ethnic

group

Landholding

category (

Kattha

)

Total

< 30

30-60 61-90

91-120

> 120

Brahmin

9 (47.4)

5 (26.3)

4 (21.1)

1 (5.2)

-

19 (100)

Chhetri

11 (68.8)

4 (25.0)

-

-

1 (6.2)

16 (100)

Sudra

27 (100.0)

-

-

-

-

27 (100)

Tharu

23 (85.2)

1 (3.7)

2 (7.4)

-

1 (3.7)

27 (100)

Total

70 (78.7)

10 (11.2)6 (6.7)

1 (1.2)2 (2.2)89 (100)30 Kattha= 1 ha.= 2.47 Acre

Distribution of landholdings among different castesMajor Issues of Food SecuritySlide11

Distribution of Animal equivalent unit

Caste/ethnic group

Animal

Equivalent

unit

Brahmin

Mean

4.9

S.D.

3.2

Chhetri

Mean

3.7

S.D.

2.3

Sudra

Mean

1.4

S.D.

1.3

Tharu

Mean

4.8

S.D.

3.8

Source: Survey

Major Issues of Food SecuritySlide12

Average family size by caste/ethnic group

Source: Survey, 2004

Major Issues of Food SecuritySlide13

Average capital value per household

Source: Survey, 2004

Note: 1 US$=70.89 Nepalese Rupees (NRs.)

Major Issues of Food SecuritySlide14

Average Investment on

agriculture

Note: 1 US$=70.89 Nepalese Rupees (NRs.)

Major Issues of Food SecuritySlide15

Household head’s years of education

Number

of

years’ education

Caste/ ethnic group

Total

Brahmin

Chhetri

Sudra

Tharu

Illiterate

-

4 (

25.0%)

10 (

37.0%)

4 (

14.8%)

18 (

20.2%)

1-5

10 (

52.6%)

7 (

43.8%)

17 (

63.0%)

21 (

77.8%)

55 (

61.8%)

6-9

2 (

10.5%)

1 (

6.2%)

-

1 (

3.7%)

4 (

4.5%)>=107 (36.8%)4 (25.0%)-1 (3.7%)12 (13.5%)

Total19 (100.0%)16 (100.0%)27 (100.0%)

27 (100.0%)89 (100.0%)Mean value of calorie per adult equivalent of 10 or less than 10 years’ of education is significant different with more than 10 years of education (α=0.05 )

Source: SurveyMajor Issues of Food SecuritySlide16

t

total

production of

jth

food commodity for

i

th

household

j

is the extraction rate of edible part of the

j

th

food item

j

is the waste rate of food in storage and handling of

j

th

commodity

j

is the rate of other losses than storage and food item

j

th

item

j

th

commodity

t-1

ij

stock from previous years of ith household and jth commodity j is the calories values of the food item jthAlso include food bought and received

Calorie per adult equivalent per day = total calories of ith household in year / total adult equivalent * 365 Calorie per adult per day= f(land, caste, labor, livestock, expenditure on agri, land parcel)Factor affecting of food securitySlide17

Outcome of Household characteristics

caste/ ethnic group

Mean

N

Std. Deviation

Minimum

Maximum

Brahmin

2626.6

19

1848.1

1211

6925

Chhetri

2251.4

16

653.6

1446

3923

Sudra

1537.2

27

466.7

1086

2479

Tharu

2204.3

27

1234.0

1052

6333

Total

2100.5

89

1204.3

1052

6925

Note: The national

average

kcal

per adult equivalent threshold

level is 2250.Slide18

18

Factor affecting of

food

security

Variables

Expected sign

ResultSignificant Cultivated land per capita

++*Ratio female economically active adult to total economically active

+-*Adult equivalent

++***

land parcel-

+NS

Ratio of irrigated land to the total cultivated land

+

+

NS

Livestock equivalent unit

+

+

*

Expenditure on agriculture

+

+

**

Dummy of

Sudra

-

-

**

Dummy of

Tharu

-

-

NSSlide19

Caste/ethnic group

Number of food secure HHs*

Percentage (%)

to total HHs under each caste/ethnic group

Brahmin

7

36.8

Chhetri

7

43.8

Sudra

4

14.8

Tharu

9

33.3

Total

27

30.3

F

ood

secure households under each caste/ethnic group

Source: SurveySlide20

Seasonality of food

security

Source: Group discussion

Food security

trendSlide21

21

Additional issues related to food security

Wide spread poverty among the certain group of people.

Increased “Feminization of agriculture” due to

conflict.

Inadequate institutional support to boost agriculture (such as improved agricultural technologies) .Higher morbidity during rainy season (including livestock).

Inadequate access to agriculture markets (both input and output markets)Natural resources such as forest, nature water bodies are important source food (especially for Sudra and Tharu group).

Land tenure Institution weak or absent (*).Slide22

22

Rich picture of food security issues

Source: Group discussion

Summary of food security issuesSlide23

23Slide24

24

Government Agri. Policy

Trade

Production

Regional food supply

Community

food

supply

Household

Cultural

factors

Rule for the selection,

inter-household

sharing, intra-household allocation

Climate change

Household food security

Intra-household food allocation

Individual dietary intake

 

Morbidity

Individual

nutritional status

Figure: Conceptual

framework for examining household food security,

Gittelsohn

et al.

1998Slide25

25

Income from different sources

Caste/ethnic group

Income from agricultural sector (%)

Non-farm income (%)

Crop *(%)

Livestock*(%)

Total (%)

Brahmin

21.5

(66.6)

10.5

(

33.4)

31.5

(100.0)

68.5

Chhetri

18.0

(61.5)

11.3

(38.5)

29.3

(100.0)

70.7

Sudra

4.4

(56.8)

3.4

(43.2)

7.8

(100.0)

92.2

Tharu

17.8

(81.1)

4.2

(18.9)

22.0

(100)78.0*Figure in the parenthesis indicates the percentage within AgricultureSlide26

26

Education VS Calories Per Adult Equivalent

Mean value of calorie per adult equivalent of 10 or less than 10 years’ of education is significant different with more than 10 years of education (

α

=0.05 ) Slide27

27

Food secure households and their land ownership

(

*

)

Calorie range

Caste/ethnic

Types of land ownership

Don’t do agricultureTotal

Full

land ownership

Mixed landOwnership*

2250 - <2500

Brahmin

1

1

Chhetri

1

1

Sudra

3

1

4

Tharu

1

1

Sub total

5

1

1

7

2500-3000

Brahmin

1

1

2

Chhetri

1

3

4

Tharu

2

2

Sub total

2

6

8

>3000

Brahmin3

14Chhetri2

2

Tharu

2

4

6

Sub total

7

5

12

Total

14

12

1

27Slide28

28

Activities

Apr/May

May/Jun

Jun/July

July/Aug

Aug/Sep

Sept/Oct

Oct/Nov

Nov/Dec

Dec/Jan

Jan/Feb

Feb/Mar

Mar/Apr

Events

School admission of children, Cucurbits planting (early)

Diseases (human) Paddy nursery, Maize planting (upland) Cucurbits

Paddy planting, Maize planting (upland)

Cucurbits,Calving

animal

Diseases Diarrhea in children, Paddy Planting, Calving animal

Paddy weeding, Nursery of winter vegetable

Dashain

celebra-tion

, Winter

Vegeta-bles

’ nursery and transplantation

Tihar

celebra-tion

, winter vegetable harvesting (early), planting of winter crops

Paddy harvesting, wheat and planting, Vegeta- bles, Potato

Wheat planting Vegetables

Off-seasons (cucurbits) nursery

Off-seasons (cucurbits), Beans, Maghi celebration (Tharu)

Okra, French bean, Asparagus bean, Potato harvesting

Harvesting of off season vegetables,

Wheat harvesting

Expendi-tures

HighMediumHighHighMediumHighHighHigh

MediumHigh (Tharu), mediumMediumMediumIncomeHighMedium

LowLowLowMediumMedium

HighHighHighMediumMediumLabor shortage

MediumMediumHighHighMediumNo

HighHigh

Medium

HighNoMediumDiseases (human)

MediumLowHighHighHigh

LowLowLowMediumHigh

NoNo

Food shortage

NoMedium

High

High

High

MediumMedium

No

No

NoNo/Low

No/ low

/ diseases

No/lowNo/lowFMD livestockFMD livestockInsect in Rice

Insect in Rice

No/low

Late blightPotato& tomato

Late blight

Potato& tomato

No/low

Insect veg.

Wheat Rust

Insect veg.

Fowl diseases

Seasonality

of food

security

Source: Group DiscussionSlide29

29

Factor affecting of

food

security

Calorie per adult per day= f(land, caste, labor, livestock, expenditure on agri., parcel)

Ojha(1999) has already tested these variables and found that log-linear model is appropriate

I used same variables with Sudra and Tharu as dummy Final model Log (Calorie per adult per day )= dependent variables

Cultivated land per capita, Ratio female economically active adult to total economically active, Adult equivalent,land parcel number,

Ratio of irrigated land to the total cultivated land, Livestock equivalent unit, expenditure on agriculture, Slide30

Major problems in agriculture

Problems

Ranking

Conflict / insurgency

First

Inadequate of irrigation facility

Second

Higher input prices

Third

Inadequate knowledge about pest and diseases

Fourth

Lower prices of outputs

Fifth

Inadequate access to improved seeds/breeds

Sixth

Inadequate landholding

Seventh

Source: Group discussion