and Disorders Gas Exchange Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli due to the difference in the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the capillary blood and the alveoli Since the concentration of oxygen is greater in the alveoli it diffuses into the capillary blood ID: 614199
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Slide1
Respiratory System Physiology and DisordersSlide2
Gas Exchange
Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli due to the difference in the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the capillary blood and the alveoli.
Since the concentration of oxygen is greater in the alveoli, it diffuses into the capillary blood.Slide3
Since the level of carbon dioxide is higher in the capillary blood than in the alveoli, carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood and into the alveoli.Slide4
Lung Parameters
Tidal Volume (TV) - 500 ml - volume of air moved in and out of the lungs during breathing
Vital Capacity (VC) - 4500 ml - maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after taking the deepest possible inhalation VC - TV + IRV + ERVSlide5
SpirometrySlide6
Physiology of Ventilation
Ventilation - the process of inhaling and exhaling air in and out of the lungs
Pulmonary Ventilation - the process by which air flows between the lungs and the external environment
Due to a change in pressure between the atmosphere and the air in the lungsSlide7
Physiology of VentilationSlide8
Inspiration (Inhalation)
Bringing air into the lungs from the external environment
The lungs themselves contain no muscles and thus depend upon the relationship with the muscles of the walls of the thoracic cavity to alter lung volumesSlide9
VentilationSlide10
Muscles of VentilationSlide11
Expiration (Exhalation)
Movement of air from the lungs to the external environment
Normally a passive process (no energy or muscular contractions required)
Dependent upon muscle and lung elasticity
May become active during high levels of physical activity
Most people require ventilation rates above 55% - 65% of their vital capacity for expiration to become activeSlide12
Physiology of RespirationSlide13
Respiratory CenterSlide14
Chemical Stimuli
Determines how fast and how deeply an individual breathes
Very sensitive to the levels of CO
2
and H
+
ion concentration in the blood
Monitored by chemoreceptors at:
carotid arteries, aorta, and the medulla oblongata.Slide15
Ventilatory
HomeostasisSlide16
RESPIRATORY DISORDERS AND HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCESSlide17
Bronchiogenic Carcinoma
(Lung Cancer)
Most fatal cancer in the U.S.
Highly metastatic
Usually linked with cigarette smoking
Starts in the walls of the bronchi due to irritation of the bronchiole epithelium
Common irritants include smoking, pollution, dust particles
20 times more prevalent in smokers than non- smokersSlide18
Emphysema
“
Blown up or full of air
”
A condition where the alveolar walls lose their elasticity and remain filled with air during expiration
Alveoli become damaged and eventually merge together to form large air sacs with reduced overall volume
Patients often develop a barrel chest
Generally caused by cigarettes, pollution, industrial dust particlesSlide19
Influenza
•
Caused by one of many viruses
Antibiotics cannot help
Medications used to treat the symptoms
sneezing - coughing
congestion - rhinorrhea
May result in rhinitis: inflammation of the nasal mucosa
Commonly known as the fluSlide20
Pneumonia
Acute infection or inflammation of the alveoli of the lungs
Most common infectious cause of death in the U.S.
Alveolar sacs fill with fluid and dead white blood cells reducing the amount of functional surface area of the lungs
Most commonly caused by bacterium
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Affects those in poor health or compromised immune systemSlide21
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
10,000 infant deaths per year in the U.S.
Cause is not known but thought to be caused by an infectious agent or compressed carotid artery
Most deaths occur in the fall or winter
Over 50% of SIDS death children had an upper respiratory infection within the past two weeks
May also be caused by improper positioning for sleeping in the cribSlide22
Tuberculosis (Tb)
Caused by a bacterium
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
An infectious communicable disease that destroys the lung tissue and pleura
Replaced by fibrous connective tissue called tubercles
Disease is spread by inhalation of the bacteriumSlide23