Learning Approach Questions What is a basis assumption of the behaviourist approach What is conditioning What type of conditioning was investigated by John Watson and little albert Who were the participants in ID: 710084
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Slide1
Social Learning Theory
The approachesSlide2
Learning Approach- Questions
What is a basis assumption of the behaviourist approach?
What is conditioning?
What type of conditioning was investigated by John Watson and little albert?
Who were the participants in
P
avlov’s research?
In Pavlov’s research what was the unconditioned response?
In Pavlov’s research what was the conditioned stimulus?
Define classical conditioning
Who researched into operant conditioning?
Define operant conditioning
Name the three aspects of operant conditioning.
If a rat receives a shock every time it presses a leaver what aspect of operant conditioning is being tested?
What is negative reinforcement?
Provide one criticism of the learning approach
Provide a real life application of the learning approachSlide3
Video
Watch the advertisement
What does this suggest about behaviour?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KHi2dxSf9hwSlide4
Learning objectives
Explain the key assumptions of the Social Learning theory
Outline
and evaluate the research and
main findings of
Bandura et al
Evaluate the Social learning approachSlide5
BEHAVIOURISM
FOCUS ON HUMAN BEHAVIOUR IN RESPONSE TO REWARD/PUNISHMENT
COGNITIVE
FOCUS ON THE INTERNAL MENTAL PROCESS BETWEEN STIMULUS AND RESPONSE
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
Mind-Behaviour-Environment
The cognitive processes involved in learning.Slide6
What is the Social Learning Theory?
Developed by
Bandura
Learning occurs through
:
Modeling
Observational learning
Imitation
SLT take into account cognitive thought processes. These mental factors mediate in the learning process to determine if a response is acquiredSlide7
On W/B
Define using textbooks/pack...
Attention
Retention
R
eproduction
MotivationSlide8
Bandura (1977)
4 stages to social learning
A
ttention
The individual notices someone in their environment
R
etention
The individual remembers what they have observed
Reproduction The individual replicates the behaviour shown by the modelMotivationThe individual seeks to demonstrate the behaviour that they have observed if it thought to be rewarded.Slide9
We are more likely to imitate behaviour if the model we are observing is
:
Same age
Same gender
High social status
Respected/admiredSlide10
Jane dyes her hair
red
because her favourite celebrity has done so.
First Jane paid
attention
to what the celebrity had
done
Jane then retained this informationJane was capable of reproducing the behaviour of dying her hairJane
was motivated to dye her hair red and did so.Application of Social Learning TheorySlide11
Vicarious Learning
Bandura stated that we are influenced not just by the behaviour, but by the
consequences
for the person we are observing
.
We observe
and learn
about behaviour
by watching others being reinforced or punished (vicarious learning)learning NOT a results of direct reinforcement, rather an individuals observation of another person’s experiencesSlide12
Shelby is five years old and is watching her
favourite cartoon.
The cartoon shows a young
girl helping her mother with the house work
and the mother praises the daughter for
doing so. After Shelby then offers to help her
mother with the house work.
Shelby is not receiving any DIRECT reinforcement
to persuade her to help her mother.
DISCUSS: Why does Shelby do this?
Application of vicarious reinforcementSlide13
Children observe and learn from role models
Live models (family, friends)
Symbolic models (through media: TV
, films, games
)
SLT: application
to media violence
They learn which behaviours are worth repeating
They have a
mental
representation of events they observe, and can anticipate reward and punishment. Slide14
Role play activity
In pairs/three’s create
a 3
minute roleplay.
Your roleplay must include evidence of
Modelling,
Imitation,
Identification,
Direct and vicarious reinforcementRole play idea’s…Learning a new dance routine/sportLearning a new languageChanging behaviour through playing a video gameChildren copying and learning behaviour in classA manager role modelling behaviour to their teamAn individual changing behaviour after watching a music videoSlide15
Bandura’s research
Watch the video and make notes on the aim, method, results and conclusion.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zerCK0lRjp8Slide16
Core study
Bandura, Ross
ans
Ross (1961)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
zerCK0lRjp8
Aim:
To investigate whether exposure to a real-life aggressive model increases aggression in children.Slide17
Method:Slide18
Method:
Stage
one of the experiment
children
were brought
individually to
the experimental room by the experimenter
.
The room was set out for playThe model was invited to come in.The child was placed in a corner of the room and shown how to design a pictureThe model was taken to the opposite corner (containing a table, chair, tinker toy, mallet and a 5 foot inflatable bobo doll.The children could only watch the model.Slide19
In the non-aggressive condition, the model ignored
Bobo
and assembled the tinker-toys in a quiet, gentle manner
.
In the aggressive condition the model began by assembling the tinker-toys, but after one minute turned to
Bobo
and was aggressive to the doll in a very
stylised
and distinctive way.After ten minutes the experimenter entered and took the child to a new room. Stage two of the experimentThere, the child was given toys to play with, which were eventually taken away.Slide20
Stage three
of the experiment
Children were then taken to another experimental room and allowed to play freely for 20 minutes with aggressive and non aggressive toys and a 3 foot
bobo
doll.
Behaviour was rated by observing through a one way mirror.Slide21
Results
Children exposed to an aggressive role model displayed significantly more direct imitation than children exposed to the non-aggressive model.
On
average 12.7 aggressive acts were imitated from
the aggressive model
Girls were more likely to engage in verbal aggression and boys more likely to engage in physical aggression
Watching an aggressive role model had a greater effect on boys than on girls
Boys were more likely to imitate aggressive acts from the same sex role model than girls
Boys copied 25.8 aggressive acts when the model was maleOn average girls copied 5.5 aggressive acts if the model was female and 7.2 aggressive acts if the model was male.Slide22
Conclusion
The findings support Bandura’s Social Learning Theory. That is, children learn social behaviour such as aggression through the process of observation learning – through watching the behaviour of another person
.
Children exposed to an aggressive model are likely to display aggression and to imitate aggressive acts.Slide23
In your groups
On the big w/b:
E
valuation of
the Bobo doll study.
Catch: This can only be demonstrated through images.
Each group to
p
resent back your evaluation pointsSlide24
Activity
Generalisability
Reliability
Application
Validity
Ethics
Using the pictures from the different tables, fill in the evaluation of Bandura’s study.Slide25
Task…fill in the spaces
Social learning theory was developed mainly by
Bandura
and Walters and suggests that much behaviour is learnt from the
environment
through reinforcement and the process of
modeling
.
This process involves observation of other people (models), which may lead to imitation if the behaviour to be imitated leads to desirable consequences for the model (vicarious reinforcement).Learning can occur without a change in behaviour. Behaviourists say that learning has to be represented by a permanent change in behaviour, in contrast social learning theorists say that because people can learn through observation alone, their learning may not necessarily be shown in their performance. Learning may or may not result in a behaviour change. According to Bandura(1977) there are four requirements for observational learning to take placeAttention: the observer focuses on the modelRetention: the observer must be able to retain a memory of the observed behaviourReproduction: the observer must be able to reproduce the observed behaviourMotivation: the observer must be motivated to reproduce the observed behaviour. This could be in the hope of a reward. Slide26
Social learning- Evaluation
Social learning theory provides a more comprehensive explanation of human learning than behaviourism because…………………
Much of the research is based on laboratory studies which may involve demand characteristics. This is problematic because……
The Social learning theory underestimates the influence of…………………….This is a limitation because
SLT can explain gender differences across…..which is useful because………….
The SLT is ….. Deterministic than behaviourism because…………………. This is an advantage because……………..Slide27
Application to real life cases
…
Teenager
obsessed with TV killer Dexter stabbed and dismembered
girlfriend
Steven Miles jailed for 25 years for ‘chilling, blood-curdling’ attack on Elizabeth Thomas, 17, at his Surrey family home
“This
was a truly gruesome killing ripped from the pages of a hit TV script. The evidence points to the defendant trying to
emulate the actions of the character Dexter, who he idolised. The case is a sad testament to the perils of how young people can become entrenched in modern TV blockbusters involving violence which shockingly led to a copycat killing in real life.”Do you think we learn through observation and imitation?Slide28
Exam question
Explain one limitation of the social learning theory approach
(3 marks)Slide29
Model answer- 3 marks
One limitation of the Social learning approach is that it over relies on evidence from laboratory studies (1 mark)
Lab studies could result in participants responding to demand characteristics. For example in bandura’s research the children may simply be behaving in a way that they thought the researcher expected them to (2 marks)
The research and theory therefore lack ecological validity as it fails to tell us how children may act in everyday life. ( 3 marks)Slide30
Plenary
Imagine you are
an
examiner.
W
rite
on a post-it a 2 mark question on today’s learning