Microscopic anatomy Fine anatomy - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Microscopic anatomy

Fine anatomyStudy of structures that can only be seen with magnification like a microscopeExamples:Cytology (study of cells)Histology (study of tissues)

Slide2

Macroscopic anatomy

Gross anatomyStudy of structures visible to the naked eyeExample: bonesViewing an xray is considered an examination of gross anatomy

Slide3

Etiology

The cause of the disease or illness

Slide4

pathology

The study of diseasesPathologist-is a physician who examines tissues, checks the accuracy of lab tests and interprets the results in order to facilitate the patient's diagnosis and treatment.

Slide5

idiopathic

If the cause of a disease cannot be determined

Slide6

nosocomial

Infectious disease contracted while in a medical facility

Slide7

epidemiology

Study of the transmission, frequency of occurrence, distribution, and control of a diseaseEpidemiologist- are public health professionals who investigate patterns and causes of disease and injury in humans. They seek to reduce the risk and occurrence of negative health outcomes through research, community education, and health policy.

Slide8

Prognosis

Prediction of the outcome of a disease

Slide9

Syndrome

Specific grouping of signs and symptoms related to a specific diseaseSigns- objective, measureable indicators of an illnessfeverSymptomsheadache

Slide10

Metabolism

Refers to all the chemical operations going on within our bodies

Slide11

Chronic

Long duration or frequent occurrence

Slide12

Acute

Rapid onset or short course

Slide13

Supine

Slide14

Prone

Slide15

Trendelenburg position

Slide16

Fowler’s position

Slide17

8/22

Antebrachial- forearmAntecubital- depressed area in front of the elbowAxillary- armpit

Brachial- upper arm

Buccal- cheek

Carpal- wrist

Cervical- neck

Digital- fingers

Femoral- upper inner thigh

Gluteal- buttocks

Lumbar- lower back

Nasal- nose

Oral- mouth

Orbital- eye area

Patellar- knee

Pedal- foot

Plantar- sole of the foot

Pubic- genital region

Sternal- breastbone area

Thoracic- chest

Slide18

09/11/18 Terminology Tuesday!

Abrasion- scraping away of the skin surface by frictionCicatrix- a scarComedo

- collection of hardened sebum in hair follicle (a blackhead)

Contusion- injury caused by a blow to the body; a bruise

Cyanosis- bluish tint caused by lack of oxygen

Dermatology- branch of medicine involving integumentary system

Diaphoresis- profuse sweating

Ecchymosis- skin discolorations caused by blood collecting under the skin; a bruise

Erythema- redness or flushing of the skin

Keloid- formation of a raised and thickened scar

Lesion- a general term for wound, injury, or abnormality

Pallor- abnormal paleness of the skin

Petechiae- pinpoint purple or red spots from minute hemorrhages under the skin

Photosensitivity- condition in which the skin reacts abnormally when exposed to light

Urticaria

- a skin eruption of pale reddish wheals with itching; hives

Verruca- benign growth caused by a virus; commonly called warts

Slide19

09/18/18 Terminology Tuesday

Cyst- fluid filled sac under the skinFissure- crack like lesion or grooveLaceration- torn or jagged wound

Macule- flat, discolored area flush with skin surface; example freckle or birthmark

Nodule- firm, solid mass of cells in the skin larger than ½ cm in diameter

Papule- small, solid, circular raised spot on the surface of the skin less than ½ cm in diameter

Pustule- raised spot on the skin containing pus

Ulcer- open sore or lesion in the skin or mucous membrane

Vesicle- a blister

Wheal- small, round, swollen area on the skin; typically seen in an allergic reaction

Abscess- a collection of pus in the skin

Cellulitis- a diffuse, acute infection and inflammation of the connective tissue found in the skin

Gangrene- tissue necrosis usually from insufficient blood supply

Impetigo- highly infectious bacterial infection of the skin with pustules that rupture and become crusted over

Psoriasis- chronic inflammatory condition consisting of papules forming “silvery scale” patches with circular borders

Slide20

10/09/18 Terminology Tuesday

Crepitus- noise produced by bone or cartilage rubbing together in conditions such as arthritisProsthesis- artificial device that is used as a substitute for a body part

Adhesion- scar tissue forming in the fascia surrounding a muscle

Contracture- abnormal shortening of muscle fibers, tendons, or fascia

Gait- manner of walking

Traction- process of pulling or drawing, usually with a mechanical device to treat orthopedic problems

Slide21

10/23/18 Terminology Tuesday

Abduction- movement away from midline of the bodyAdduction- movement toward the midline of the bodyFlexion- act of bending or being bentExtension- movement that brings a limb into or toward straight

Dorsiflexion-backward bending, as of hand or foot

Plantar flexion- bending sole of foot; pointing toes downward

Eversion- turning outward

Inversion- turning inward

Pronation- to turn downward or backward as the hand or foot

Supination- turning palm or foot upward

Slide22

10/30/18 Terminology Tuesday

Elevation- to raise a body part; such as shrugging the shouldersDepression- a downward movement; such as dropping the shoulders

Circumduction- movement in a circular direction from a central point

Opposition- moving the thumb away from the palm

Rotation- moving around a central axis

Callus- mass of bone tissue that forms at a fracture site during healing

Exostosis- a bone spur

Osteogenic sarcoma- most common type of bone cancer

Rickets- deficiency in calcium and vitamin D found in early childhood which results in bone deformities

Talipes- congenital deformity causing malalignment of the ankle and foot. Clubfoot

Arthroscopy- examination of the interior of a joint with an arthroscope (small camera) Some conditions can be repaired during arthroscopy

Slide23

11/27/18 Terminology Tuesday

Orthotics- use of equipment, such as splints and braces, to support a paralyzed muscle, promote a specific motion, or correct musculoskeletal deformitiesProsthetics- artificial devices, such as limbs and joints, that replace a missing body partMobility- state of having normal movement of all body parts

Gross motor skills- use of large muscle groups that coordinate body movements such as walking, running, jumping, and balance

Fine motor skills- use of precise and coordinated movements in such activities as writing, buttoning, and cutting

Range of motion- range of movement of a joint, from maximum flexion to maximum extension. It is measured as degrees of a circle

Rehabilitation- process of treatment and exercise that can help a person with a disability attain maximum function and well-being

Slide24

12/04/18 Terminology Tuesday

Intracavitary- injection into a body cavity such as the peritoneal cavityIntradermal- very shallow injection just under the top layer of skin. Commonly used in skin testing for allergies or tuberculosis.Intramuscular- injection directly into the muscle of the buttocks, thigh, or upper arm. Used when there is a large amount of medicine or it is irritating

Intrathecal- injection into the meningeal space surrounding the brain and spinal cord

Intravenous- injection into the veins. This route may be set up to deliver medication very quickly or to deliver a continuous drip of medication

Subcutaneous- injection into the subcutaneous layer of the skin, usually the upper, outer arm, or abdomen; for example, insulin injection

Slide25

01/15/19 Terminology Tuesday

Palsy- temporary or permanent loss of the ability to control movementParalysis- temporary or permanent loss of function or voluntary movementParaplegia- paralysis of the lower portion of the body and both legs

Paresthesia- abnormal sensation such as burning or tingling

Seizure- sudden, uncontrollable onset of symptoms

Syncope- fainting

Tremor- involuntary repetitive alternating movement of a part of the body

Unconscious- condition or state of being unaware of surroundings, with the inability to respond to stimuli

Slide26

01/22/19 Terminology Tuesday

Aura- sensations, such as seeing colors or smelling an unusual odor, that occur just prior to an epileptic seizure or migraine headacheComa- profound unconsciousness or stupor resulting from an injury or illness

Conscious- condition of being awake and aware of surroundings

Convulsion- severe involuntary muscle contractions and relaxations. These have a variety of causes, such as epilepsy, fever, and toxic conditions.

Delirium- abnormal mental state characterized by confusion, disorientation, and agitation

Dementia- progressive impairment of intellectual function that interferes with performing activities of daily living. Patients have little awareness of their condition. Found in disorders such as Alzheimer’s.

Focal seizure- localized seizure often affecting one limb

Hemiparesis- weakness or loss of motion on one side of the body

Hemiplegia- paralysis on only one side of the body

Neurology- branch of medicine concerned with diagnosis and treatment of diseases and conditions of the nervous system.

Slide27

01/29/19 Terminology Tuesday

Petit mal seizure- also called absence seizure- only last a few seconds, characterized by a loss of awareness and an absence of activityAlzheimer’s disease- Chronic, progressive mental disorder consisting of dementiaConcussion- injury to the brain

Migraine- headache characterized by severe head pain, sensitivity to light, dizziness, and nausea

Reye syndrome- combination of symptoms including acute encephalopathy and damage to organ, especially the liver caused by children under 15 taking aspirin with a viral infection

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)- also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease. Muscular weakness and atrophy due to degeneration of motor neurons

Poliomyelitis- viral inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord. Almost eliminated due to vaccinations.

Slide28

02/05/2019 Terminology Tuesday

Analgesic- non-narcotic medication to treat minor to moderate pain. Including aspirin, acetaminophen, and ibuprofenAnesthetic- drug that produces a loss of sensation or loss of consciousnessAnticonvulsant- substance that reduces the excitability of neurons and therefore prevents the uncontrolled neuron activity associated with seizures.

Hypnotic- drug that promotes sleep

Sedative- drug that has a relaxing or calming effect

Slide29

02/12/2019 Terminology Tuesday

Nyctalopia- difficulty seeing in dim light; night blindnessPhotophobia- sensitivity to lightPresbyopia- visual loss due to old ageXerophthalmia

- dry eyes

Achromatopsia- color blindness

Esotropia

- inward turning of the eye; cross eyed

Exotropia- outward turning of the eye

Vertigo- dizziness