Biofuels Worldwide - PDF document

1 Biofuels Worldwide alcohol from water.
Biofuels Worldwide alcohol from water. Some processes generate large volumes(sugar cane fiber), is valorized in energy form, particularlyfor distillation. When producing ethanol from sugar beets, e.g. number of car manufacturers (GM, Ford, DaimlerChrysler, e.g. Generally, ethanol is incorporated in blends in relatively lowcontents (5 to 10%). Technical difficulties can arise: in thepresence of trace quantities of water, for example, therapeseed, sunflower, soybean or palm, among other source is obtained (1 to 1.5 t of cake/t of oil).Generally, it goes to make animal feed. Unsuitable for directand glycerin (0.1 t of glycerin/tonne of VOME). Clearly,glycerin plays a significant role in valorizing this technology.If VOME are to be produced on a large scale, specialwhich is relatively small: about 0.8Mt/year of glycerin isproduced worldwide, of which 100000 t are a by-product ofLike ethanol, VOME can be used pure or blended. Vehiclesmust be modified if they are used pure, which inhibits the Advantages and Disadvantages alternative to petroleum fuels in the transport sector and offerbetter environmental performance. With respect to the latter,of 60 to 90% for the most efficient technologies (sugar cane).energy balance accounts for all stages in the life cycle of theAs a rule, biofuel technologies post fairly low energyefficiencies per hectare: 1 toe/ha for VOME produced fromrapeseed or sunflowers, 1 to 2 toe/ha for ethanol prod

2 ucedlarge-scale biofuel development will
ucedlarge-scale biofuel development will be competition betweenthe energy and food sectors over land occupancy. It will benecessary to find the best trade-offs. Since large volumes ofFinally, the cost of producing biofuel is higher than the priceis narrowing the gap (cf. Table1). In Brazil, the cost of Table 1 PetroleumPetroleumEthanolEthanolEthanolVOMEmotormotor EuropeBrazilUSEuropefuelsfuels$25/bbl$50/bbl  0.4-0.6/l  0.23/l$0.3/l  0.35-0.65/l$0.2/l$0.4/l  19-29/GJ  11/GJ$14/GJ  10.5-20/GJ$6/GJ$12/GJ Source: IEA/IFP Biofuel development still needs appropriate support from a look at Biofuels Worldwide Biofuels Worldwide World biofuel production volumes are given in Figure 1. Fig. 1World biofuel production volume In Brazil the main argument in favor of developing the technology,Following the drop in oil prices in 1986, it was no longerethanol: the difference between the price of gasoline and thatof ethanol was too great. Trends on the sugar market, which the ethanol market and ended priceto gasoline. Finally, the sale of ethanol was almost entirelyhas also introduced a tax deduction to help underwrite thePSA and Renault are now proposing to sell FFV.Consumption of ethanol as a motor fuel totaled about 10Mtof sugar, now that world sugar prices are depressed. It isWTO by Brazil, Thailand and Australia concerning subsidiesinvestors, including the largest European sugar corporations.market in biofuels. To this end, the fi

3 rst ethanol exportterminal (capacity: 32
rst ethanol exportterminal (capacity: 32000 t) was built in the port of Santosthis year. The first target market is Japan, where the government isproduction capacity is very low. The United States andsources, including the castor bean, are also under scrutiny. The United States is the second largest consumer of ethanolUnited States is expected to reach 11.2 Mt in 2004, thusThe use of ethanol is regulated, for the most part, by twothe Energy Policy Act of 1978, amended in 1998. 52% 17% World productionWorld production Status of world productionWorld consumption of petroleum in the road transport sector: 1.5 Gt Biofuels Worldwide meet federal standards. Until very recently, refiners usedsubstantially. Moreover, we should note that a waiver toAt the same time, the Energy Policy Act provided a taxin 2001, 2003 and 2005. By way of an indication, the gasolinetax currently approximates 40cts/gallon (10.6 cts/l). Manythat could exceed $150million/year during the period2003/2006 (Title IX, Farm Bill of 2002). President BushEnergy Bill, which stalled in Congress in 2004, included anboost production from 9 Mt in 2005 to 15 Mt in 2012. It alsoThe United States, the worlds leading soybean producer,fleet managers in particular can afford: the users of VOME,Today, about 400 vehicle fleets burn biofuels containingblends, by no later than June 30, 2005 provided that theFinally, the American administration has approved a tax breakeffective Jan

4 uary 1, 2005. For the B20 blend, which w
uary 1, 2005. For the B20 blend, which will beThis subsidy should eventually boost production from about Europe programs, including some on a large scale, underway inof policy. Since 2000, however, Germany has taken the leaddominated by diesel fuel (in Europe, 60% of the total). Onelast ten years, reaching 1.5Mt in 2003. Annual growth overthe period 1992-2003 averaged 35%. This tendancy should(715000 t) as well as the top consumer. France, European leader until 2001, produced 357000 tonnesauthorities. It exported the surplus to Germany and Italy. Theproduction quota, set at 317500 t/year, was revised upwardsin 2004 (+70000 t). It also has been announced that a new esterfip H in 2005, a new 130 000 t quota of biofuels should be grantedNumber three, Italy produced nearly 273000 t of VOME inproduction: about 70000t) and Polandalready have the a look at Biofuels Worldwide Practices in Europe (except Sweden) differ from in thedirectly, but transformed into ETBE then blended withhas been overtaken by Spain and Poland as shown in Table 2below. Table 2 EthanolETBE In tonnesIn toeIn tonnesIn toe Spain180 000115 200383 400329 72449 408164 250141 25533 472ÑÑPoland131 64084 250280 390241 1353 200ÑÑ Total446 140285 530828 040712 114 Source: ObservÕer s most dynamic producer,with one company, Abengoa, as the driving force behindproduced from wheat and barley.Sweden now consumes more ethanol than it produces. Thisstations. Eventually, nat

5 ional consumption is expectedto reach 20
ional consumption is expectedto reach 200000m(or 158kt). The difference betweenFinally, Germany is finally shifting to ethanol. Threenearly 500000 t/year and make it the number one Europeanproducer. authorizes the incorporation of up to 5% ethanol and up toin energy) of its total consumption of gasoline and diesel fuel.Not mandatory, these goals provided as indications;of motor fuel taxation. To date, a number of member statesA new development on the world energy scene, marked by a India , it became mandatory (effective January 1, 2003) to Thailand has fixed a production target of 90 kt of ethanol. Of China production of ethanol, mainly from corn, totaled 1Mt. Asia , several producers of palm and coconut oil including Malaysia , Indonesia and the Philippines are planning toscale up their VOME production. AustraliaÕs goal is to produce 280 kt of ethanol by 2010 for  0.22/l). In Colombia , all cities with over 500000 inhabitants will berequired to use a 10% ethanol blend, effective 2006. The a look at Biofuels Worldwide demand, estimated at 720 kt. The ethanol will be produced Central America , El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Canada has set an ethanol consumptiongoal of 1.3 Mt by 2010. It will allow blends containing up to10% ethanol. Outlook volume (competition with food crops) and the managementmore plentiful and cheaper to use than food crops. Twoalternatives are being considered: the first, used to produceTrops

6 ch method to make synthesis diesel fuel,
ch method to make synthesis diesel fuel, figuresout promise as a technology of the future, is the object ofthe French atomic energy agency (CEA). Moreover, these two technologies could be combined at asingle industrial facility, a sort of biorefinery at which ethanol thatcan feed the air transport sector, that giving thus an opportunity Final text received on November 25, 2004 a look at www.ifp.fr IFP - Information IFP (Headquarters) Tel.: +33 1 47 52 59 18 - Fax: +33 1 47 52 53 04 IFP-Lyon BP 3 - 69390 Vernaison - FranceTel.: +33 4 78 02 20 20 - Fax: +33 4 78 02 20 15 Biofuels Worldwide bright. Recent developments indicate that the use of biofuels, previously confinedand a world market may emerge. However, these prospects could eventually belimited by constraints relative to resources and costs. The future of biofuelsprobably depends on the development of new technologies to valorizelignocellulosic substances such as wood and straw. Driven by Brazil, the United States and, to a lesser extent,Europe, the prospects for biofuel development worldwidelook bright. A Favorable Environment considerably.1.Biofuels have gained real credibility as fuels to sup-plement petroleum motor fuels. The energy policies of the The Characteristics of Biofuels The two main types of biofuel are ethanol, used in gasolineengines, and vegetable oil methyl esters (VOME), withapplications in diesel engines. Of the two, ethanol is the most a look at