Shekhar Asstt Professor Veterinary Medicine UNIT1 Definition and Etiology Anaemia Classification Anemia is classified as Regenerative Non regenerative ID: 1006508
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1. Anaemia By : Dr Pallav Shekhar Asstt Professor Veterinary Medicine UNIT-1
2. Definition and Etiology
3. Anaemia- Classification Anemia is classified as Regenerative Non regenerative
4. Regenerative anaemiaIn a regenerative anemia, the bone marrow responds appropriately to the decreased red cell mass by increasing RBC production and releasing reticulocytes.Anaemias due to hemorrhage or hemolysis are usually regenerative.
5. Non – regenerative anaemiaIn a non regenerative anaemia, the bone marrow responds inadequately to the increased need for RBC.Anaemias that are caused by decreased erythropoietin or an abnormality in the bone marrow are non regenerative
6. Classification
7. Developmental process of RBC
8. Regenerative anaemia
9. Blood LossTrauma, Surgery, External Tumors External parasites. Trauma, Surgery, Coagulopathies, Gastric ulceration, Internal tumors Internal parasites
10. Hemolysis
11. Toxic Cause of hemolysisDrugsPlant productsChemicalsAcetaminophen, benzocaine, dapsone, nitrofurans, primaquine, propofol, quinacrineBracken fernsweet cloverLeadAspirin, naproxenonions, SeleniumAmphotericin, cephalosporins, chloramphenicol, estrogen, fenbendazole, griseofulvin, meclofenamic acid, phenobarbital, phenothiazine, phenylbutazone, , quinidine, sulfonamides, thiacetarsamideCopperZinc
12. Infectious causeBacterialViralRickettsialProtozoalClostridiumLeptospiraEquine infectious anaemia.Feline leukemia virusMycoplasmaAnaplasmaEhrlichiaBabaesiaTheileriaTrypanosoma
13. Non-regenerative anaemia
14. Clinical signs : Lethargy and exercise intoleranceMucous membrane pallor TachycardiaLow grade haemic murmurProminent femoral pulseTachypnoeaEpisodic collapse (excitement or stress-induced )Jaundice (in haemolytic anemia)
15. Pathogenesis of anemia Reduced oxygen carrying capacity of the blood. Inadequate tissue oxygenation Development of clinical signsCompensatory mechanism
16. Diagnosis: Hb and PCV value measurement Complete Blood CountRed Blood Cell morphologyReticulocyte count Erythrocytic Indices Platelet count
17. Packed Cell VolumeØ PCV - 30 to 37 – mild anemia, Ø PCV - 20-29- moderate anemiaØ PCV - < 20 – severe anemia PCV - < 12 poor prognosis
18. Red cell morphologyType of anemia Red cell morphologyAcute blood lossNormocytic , normochromicNo evidence of regeneration for 3-4 days.Chronic blood lossHypochromasia, microcytic if iron deficiency presentHemolytic Spherocytosis Non-regenerativeNormocytic, normochromic
19. Reticulocyte countIndicates degree of regenerationErythrocytic IndicesMean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) Platelet count < 20,000/ µl Thrombocytopenia DIC Intramedullary or extramedullary suppression of platelet production.
20. Faecal examination/ faecal occult blood test Severe upper gastrointestinal bleeding - black, tarry fecesBone marrow EvaluationNonregenerative anemiaLeukopenia Unexplained thrombocytopenia Pancytopenia
21. Treatment of anemiaEmergency stabilization Blood transfusionSpecific treatment of underlying cause
22. Blood transfusion PCV < 15% Selection of donor animalsMajor and minor crossBlood collectionBlood transfusion
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25. Other treatments- Anabolic SteroidsNandrolone decanoate ( 1 to 2 mg/kg/week, im Oxymetholone – 1-5 mg/kg, PO, every 18-24 hrStanozolol (dogs: 1-4 mg, PO, bid)
26. HemostaticsAstringents Epinephrine and norepinephrine Vitamin KCalcium therapyDesmopressin, Component therapy: Fresh Frozen Plasma and Platelet therapy