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Assessment of Parenting Stress and the PSI-4 SF Assessment of Parenting Stress and the PSI-4 SF

Assessment of Parenting Stress and the PSI-4 SF - PowerPoint Presentation

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Assessment of Parenting Stress and the PSI-4 SF - PPT Presentation

Parenting Stress A set of processes that lead to aversive psychological and physiological reactions arising from attempts to adapt to the demands of parenthood Causes and Effects Theories of Parenting Stress ID: 360456

parent child stress parenting child parent parenting stress coping parental social relationship psi characteristics behavior role family focused community

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Slide1

Assessment of Parenting Stress and the PSI-4 SFSlide2

Parenting Stress

A set of processes that lead to aversive psychological and physiological reactions arising from attempts to adapt to the demands of parenthoodSlide3

Causes and Effects:

Theories of Parenting StressSlide4

Parent-Child-Relationship (P-C-R) Stress

P=those aspects of parenting stress that arise from within the parentC=those aspects of parenting stress that arise from the child’s behaviorR=those aspects of parenting stress that arise within the parent-child relationshipSlide5

Daily Hassles (DH) Theory

Complements and extends P-C-R TheoryCumulative effect of daily stressorsEffects are serious in more extreme formsCreates potential threat to parent’s identity or roleSlide6

Stability and Change

External stressorsIndividual differencesStability vs. ChangeSlide7

Perception, Cognition, Emotion, and PhysiologySlide8

Four Components

External causal event or agent—stressorCognitive appraisalCoping mechanismsStress reactionSlide9

The Child and the Parenting Role as Causes of Stress

What makes parenting stress different from other types of stress?Chronic daily hasslesDependencyAttributes of the parentParenting role

Societal expectationsSlide10

Appraisal

ValenceControllabilityChangeabilityAmbiguitySlide11

Coping

Emotion-focusedProblem-focusedPerception of ControlSlide12

Information Processing Model of Coping

Gathering and Accumulation of ResourcesObjects (material goods)Conditions (status, social capital)Personal Attributes (personality)Energy (money, knowledge)Threats to Resources

Conscious and Unconscious

Approach and Avoidance

Initial Appraisal Formulation

Secondary Appraisal

FeedbackSlide13

Information Processing Model (cont.)

ForethoughtIntentional BehaviorSelf-reflectionSlide14

The Stress Reaction

Parenting behaviors (e.g., parental discipline, maltreatment, and abuse)Social cognitions (attitudes about and feelings toward the child)Psychopathology (e.g., depression, anxiety)Biological mechanisms of stressSlide15

Parenting Stress and the ParentSlide16

Parenting Stress and the Parent

Transition to ParenthoodAge of ParentGender of ParentIndividual DifferencesDepression and PsychopathologyTemperament and Personality

Self-referent Social CognitionsSlide17

Parenting Stress and the ChildSlide18

Parenting Stress and the Child

Prematurity and Low Birth WeightChild IllnessDevelopmental Disabilities and DisordersBehavioral and Emotional ProblemsExternalizing ProblemsInternalizing Problems

Diagnosis, Stigma, and Blame

Temperament

Gender and AgeSlide19

Parenting Behavior and the Parent-Child RelationshipSlide20

The Parent-Child Relationship

Parent-Child “Co-regulation”Child-rearing PracticesParenting StyleDiscipline PracticesChild Abuse

Physical Abuse

Psychological Abuse

Sexual AbuseSlide21

The Parent-Child Relationship

Parents’ Social CognitionsSchematicEvent-dependentKnowledge, Goals, AttributionsBiological FactorsPsychophysiologySlide22

Parent and Child EffectsSlide23

Parent and Child Effects

Bi-directionality and CausalityLongitudinal StudiesExperimentsQuasi-experimental DesignsSlide24

Family, Culture, CommunitySlide25

Family

Parents as PartnersParent GenderFamily Structures and TypesSingle ParentsStep-parent FamiliesGay or Lesbian Parent Families

Adoptive and Foster Families

Grandparents as ParentsSlide26

Community as Culture

Collectivism vs. IndividualismCultural DifferencesCommunity as WorkplaceDemands and ResourcesCommunity as NationSocioeconomic Resources

Family Leave and Child CareSlide27

Coping and InterventionSlide28

Coping Strategies

Problem-Focused CopingEmotion-Focused CopingApproach CopingAvoidance CopingRelationship-Focused CopingEmotional Support

Normalizing

Instrumental Support

EmpathySlide29

Coping Strategies

Goals, Planning, Assessment, and EvaluationIndividual DifferencesPreemptive CopingOngoing ProcessSlide30

Intervening to Reduce Parenting Stress

Expanding repertoire of child-rearing behaviorsClinical interventionsCounselingTeachingIndividual

Family

Targets

Family situation

Parental functioning

Child behaviorSlide31

Community ResourcesSlide32
Slide33

Parenting Stress

Child Characteristics

Child Outcomes

Dysfunctional Parenting

Parental Characteristics

Social Eco-Environment

Parenting Stress ModelSlide34

Parenting Stress

Child Characteristics

Adaptability

Acceptability

Demandingness

Mood

Hyper/Distract

Reinforces Parent

Child Outcomes

Dysfunctional Parenting

Parental Characteristics

Depression

Sense of Competence

Perceived Role Restrictions

Parental Attachment

Physical Health

Social Eco-Environment

Social Isolation

Relatives/Spouse

Parenting Stress ModelSlide35

Domain and Subscales (101 items)

Child Characteristics

Adaptability

Demandingness

Mood

Distractibility/Hyperactivity

Acceptability – Child to parent

Child

s reinforcement of parent

Parent Characteristics

Depression/Guilt

Attachment to child

Social Isolation

Sense competence as a parent

Relationship spouse/partner

Role restrictions

Parental healthSlide36

Domains and Sub scalesSlide37

PSI – Short Form

Total Score (36 items)Parental Distress

(12)

Parent-Child Dysfunctional Interaction (12)

Difficult Child (12)Slide38

Total Stress Score

Designed to provide an indication of the overall level of parenting stress that an individual is experiencingSlide39

Parental Distress (PD) Subscale

Determines the level of distress a parent is experiencing in his or her role as a parent as a function of personal factors that are directly related to parenting.Slide40

Parent-Child Dysfunctional Interaction (P-CDI) Subscale

Focuses on the parent’s perception that the child does not meet his or her expectations and that his or her interactions with the child are not reinforcing to him or her as a parent.Slide41

Difficult Child (DC) Subscale

Focuses on some of the basic behavioral characteristics of children that make them either easy or difficult to manage.Slide42

Defensive Responding Scale

Assesses the extent to which the respondent approaches the questionnaire with a strong bias to present the most favorable impression of himself or herself or to minimize indications of problems or stress in the parent-child relationship.Slide43

Validity

Long form: manual refers to >250 studies documented on the PAR website Short form: manual uses the correlations between PSI-4 and PSI-4 SF to support validitySlide44

Uses of the PSI

Screening/TriageAssessment Planning/Focus

Treatment Planning and Evaluation

ResearchSlide45

Interpretation

LiteralClinical cutoff (90% ile)

Profiles – Relative elevations

Computer generated interpretive reportsSlide46

Validity With Different Cultures

Translated into 42 languagesNormed and published 10 countries

Multiple replications of factor structure

Replications of predictive studiesSlide47

Prediction and Association to Observed Behavior and Objective Criteria

Warmth and sensitivity

Parental intrusiveness

Parental negativity, hostility, rejection

Child development, child behavior objective criteriaSlide48

Intervention Studies

Early termination of treatmentTreatment outcomes

Non-adherence to medical treatmentsSlide49

Topically Arranged PSI References

(1983 – 2011)

http://www4.parinc.com/webuploads/productinfo/PSI_Bibliography.pdf