The Cold War Origins of the Cold - PowerPoint Presentation

The Cold War

Origins of the Cold War The Two Powers The United States emerged from World War II as by far the world's ...The only power that in any way could rival the United States was the ...The Roots of ContainmentIt seemed inevitable that the two major powers to emerge from the war would ...The Long Telegram advised the Truman administration that the Soviets could not be dealt with as a ...ContainmentIron Curtain speech

Origins of the Cold War The Truman Doctrine Truman soon determined to put the policy of … into effect.The first major test took place in … and … and in order to rally support, Truman framed the fight as a ...The Truman Doctrine created the language through which most Americans came to understand the ...The Marshall PlanGeorge Marshall pledged the United States to contribute billions of dollars to finance the … of Europe.The Marshall Plan offered a positive vision to go along with ...The Marshall Plan proved to be one of the most successful … in history.

Discussion Question Why did the United States feel so compelled to issue the Marshall Plan?

Origins of the Cold War The Reconstruction of Japan Under the guidance of General Douglas MacArthur, the "supreme commander" in Japan until 1948, that country adopted a new ....The United States also oversaw the … of Japan.The Berlin Blockade and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)In 1948, the Soviets cut off … from the American, British, and French zones of occupied Germany to Berlin.An eleven-month Allied airlift followed.In 1949, the Soviet Union tested its first ...NATO pledged mutual defense against any future ... Warsaw Pact

Origins of the Cold War The Growing Communist Challenge Communists won the civil war in … in 1949.In the wake of these events, the National Security Council approved a call for a permanent military buildup to enable the United States to pursue a global ...NSC-68The Korean WarIn June 1950, the North Korean army invaded the south, hoping to… under communist control.American troops did the bulk of the fighting on this first battlefield of the ...General Douglas MacArthur

Origins of the Cold War Cold War Critics Casting the Cold War in terms of a worldwide battle between … and … had unfortunate consequences.Critics objected to turning … into an "ideological crusade."Imperialism and DecolonizationMany movements for … borrowed the language of the American Declaration of Independence in demanding the right to self-government.Decolonization movements became ... for the Cold War, as the Soviet Union and the United States intervened to ... Proxy Wars

The Cold War and the Idea of Freedom Among other things, the Cold War was an … a battle for the "hearts and minds" of people throughout the world.One of the more unusual Cold War battlefields involved American … and ...The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) emerged as unlikely ...Freedom and TotalitarianismAlong with freedom, the Cold War's other great mobilizing concept was totalitarianism.Just as the conflict over slavery redefined American freedom in the nineteenth century, and the confrontation with the Nazis shaped understandings of freedom during World War II, the Cold War reshaped them once again . How?

The Cold War and the Idea of Freedom The Rise of Human Rights The idea that rights exist applicable to all members of the … originated during the eighteenth century in the Enlightenment and the American and French Revolutions.In 1948, the … approved the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.Ambiguities of Human RightsDebates over the Universal Declaration of Human Rights revealed the tensions inherent in the idea of ...After the Cold War ended, the idea of human rights would play an increasingly prominent role in ...

Truman in Office The Fair Deal Truman's first domestic task was to preside over the transition from a … to a … economy.He moved to revive the stalled momentum of the ...The Postwar Strike WaveThe AFL and CIO launched Operation Dixie, a campaign to bring unionization...Nearly 5 million workers went on strike.

Truman in Office The Republican Resurgence Republicans swept to control … of Congress in 1946.Congress turned aside Truman's … program.Taft-Hartley ActPostwar Civil RightsImmediately after the war, the status of African Americans enjoyed a prominence in national affairs unmatched since ...The Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947 added Jackie Robinson to their team.

Truman in Office To Secure These Rights A Commission on Civil Rights appointed by the president issued ‘To Secure These Rights’.It called on the federal government to abolish … and ...In 1948, Truman presented an ambitious … to Congress.Truman desegregated the armed forces.The Democratic platform of 1948 was the most … in the party's history.

Truman in Office The Dixiecrat and Wallace Revolts Dixiecrats formed the States' Rights Party.Strom ThurmondA group of left-wing critics of Truman's … formed the Progressive Party.Henry WallaceTruman's main opponent was the Republican Thomas A. Dewey.Truman's success represented one of the greatest … in American political history.

The Anticommunist Crusade The Cold War encouraged a culture of … and ...At precisely the moment when the United States celebrated … as the foundation of American life, the right to … came under attack.Loyalty and DisloyaltyThose who could be linked to … were considered ...HUAC hearings against Hollywood began in 1947.The Spy TrialsHUAC investigated Alger Hiss.The Rosenburgs were convicted of … and … in 1953 .

The Anticommunist Crusade McCarthy and McCarthyism Senator Joseph McCarthy announced in 1950 that he had a list of 205 communists working for the ...McCarthy's downfall came with the … Army-McCarthy hearings in 1954.An Atmosphere of FearAnticommunism was as much a … as a … phenomenon.Local anticommunist groups forced public libraries to remove "un-American" books from their shelves.

The Anticommunist Crusade The Uses of Anticommunism Anticommunism also served as a … wielded by individuals and groups in battles unrelated to … the United States against ...Anticommunist PoliticsThe McCarran Internal Security Bill of 1950The McCarran-Walter Act of 1952Organized labor rid itself of its left-wing officials and emerged as a … of the … of the Cold War.

The Anticommunist Crusade Cold War Civil Rights The civil rights movement also underwent a transformation. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) … communists from local branches.The Cold War caused a shift in … and … among civil rights groups.After 1948, little came of the Truman administration's … flurry, but time would reveal that the waning of the civil rights impulse was only ...

Changes to American Society Numerous … came into widespread use during these years, transforming Americans' ...A Changing EconomyThe Cold War fueled industrial production and promoted a … of the nation's population and … resources.Since the 1950s, the American economy has shifted away from ...The center of gravity of American farming shifted decisively to the West (especially to California).Western cities were … clusters of single-family homes and businesses united by...

Changes to American Society The 1950s witnessed an easing of the … of the two previous decades.AFL and CIO merged in 1955.Social contractUnionized workers shared fully in the … of the 1950s.The Social Contract began to break down because … workers did not benefit as greatly and began to ...

Changes to American Society A Suburban Nation What spurred economic growth during the 1950s were … construction and spending on ...The dream of … came within reach of the majority of Americans.A Segregated LandscapeThe suburbs remained … communities.During the postwar suburban boom, federal agencies continued to insure mortgages that barred resale of houses to … thereby financing housing ...Under programs of "urban renewal," cities demolished … in city centers that occupied potentially valuable real estate.

Changes to American Society The Divided Society … hardened the … of division in American life.Between 1950 and 1970, about how many? white Americans left cities for the suburbs.The process of … became self-reinforcing.Suburban home ownership long remained a ...Selling Free EnterpriseMore than political democracy or freedom of speech, an economic system resting on … united the nations of the Free World.The selling of … became a major industry.

Changes to American Society Rising Political Challenges: To libertarian conservatives, freedom meant … autonomy, limited … and unregulated ...These ideas had great appeal in the rapidly growing … and ...The new … became increasingly prominent in the 1950s.The new conservatives insisted that … of difference offered no substitute for the search for ... They understood freedom as first and foremost a ... Two powerful … became focal points for the conservative revival: The Soviet Union abroad The federal government at home

Discussion Question Why is it that the Federal Government became an enemy of many in the United States, such as the New Conservatives?

The Eisenhower Era General Dwight D. Eisenhower ran for president in 1952. Richard Nixon ran as his vice president. The 1952 CampaignThis period illustrated the importance of ...Eisenhower's popularity and promises to end the … brought him victory in 1952.During the 1950s, voters at home and abroad seemed to find reassurance in selecting familiar …to govern them.

The Eisenhower Era Modern Republicanism Wealthy … dominated Eisenhower's cabinet.Eisenhower refused to roll back the New Deal.Modern Republicanism aimed to sever the Republican Party's identification in the minds of many Americans with Herbert Hoover, the Great Depression, and indifference to the … of ordinary citizens.Core New Deal programs expanded.Government spending was used to promote … and boost ...

The Eisenhower Era Massive Retaliation Ike took office at a time when the Cold War had entered an ...… declared that any Soviet attack on an American ally would be countered by a … on the Soviet Union itself.Ike and the RussiansEisenhower came to believe that the Soviets were … and could be dealt with in conventional ...Khrushchev's call for peaceful … with the United States raised the possibility of ...In 1958, the two superpowers agreed to a … on the testing of nuclear weapons.

The Eisenhower Era The Emergence of the Third World The post-World War II era witnessed the crumbling of ...Decolonization presented the United States with a complex set of choices.The Cold War became the … in American relations with the Third World.GuatemalaIranOrigins of the Vietnam War… led the United States into deeper involvement in Vietnam.A peace conference in Geneva divided Vietnam temporarily at the 17th parallel.Events in Iran and Vietnam, considered great successes at the time by American policymakers, would greatly affect American ...

The Eisenhower Era Mass Society and Its Critics Some intellectuals wondered whether the celebration of … and the way the Cold War was framed obscured the extent to which the United States itself fell short of the ...One strand of social analysis in the 1950s contended that Americans did not enjoy ...The emergence of a … geared to the emerging youth market suggested that significant generational tensions lay beneath the bland surface of 1950s life.Cultural life during the 1950s seemed far more … than politics .

The Beginnings of the Civil Rights Era The Legal Assault on Segregation It fell to the courts to confront the problem of ...For years, the NAACP, under the leadership of attorney Thurgood Marshall, had pressed … to the "separate but Equal" doctrine laid down by the Court in 1896 in ....The Brown CaseMarshall brought the NAACP's support to local cases that had arisen when black parents challenged unfair ...Marshall argued that segregation did lifelong damage to ... Earl Warren managed to create unanimity in a … some of whose members disliked … but feared that a decision to outlaw it would spark widespread violence.

The Beginnings of the Civil Rights Era The Montgomery Bus Boycott Brown ensured that when the movement resumed after waning in the early 1950s, it would have the backing of the federal courts. Rosa ParksBus boycottThe Daybreak of FreedomThe Montgomery Bus Boycott marked … in postwar American history.It vaulted Martin Luther King Jr. as the movement's ...From the beginning, the language of … pervaded the black movement.

The Beginnings of the Civil Rights Era The Leadership of King In King's soaring oratory, the protesters' understandings of … fused into a ...Echoing Christian themes derived from his training in the black church, King's speeches resonated deeply in both … and in the ...Massive ResistanceIn 1956, King formed the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC).In 1956, many southern congressmen and senators signed a Southern Manifesto.

The Beginnings of the Civil Rights Era Eisenhower and Civil Rights The federal government tried to remain … from the black struggle.President Eisenhower failed to provide moral leadership.In 1957, Governor Orval Faubus of Arkansas used the … to prevent the court-ordered integration of Little Rock's ....Since the start of the Cold War, American leaders had worried about the impact of segregation on the country's ...The global reaction to the Brown decision was ...

Conclusion The End of the 1950s Eisenhower's Farewell Address warned against the drumbeat of calls for a new military buildup. Military-industrial complex