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Unit VII Energy What is energy? Unit VII Energy What is energy?

Unit VII Energy What is energy? - PowerPoint Presentation

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Unit VII Energy What is energy? - PPT Presentation

Energy is the ability to do work and transfer heat It comes in many forms light heat electricity mechanical nuclear Energy Terms Kinetic Energy Matter that has energy because of its mass and speed ID: 698230

nuclear energy coal oil energy nuclear oil coal electricity high gas power water quality natural renewable mining pros cons

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Slide1

Unit VII

EnergySlide2

What is energy?

Energy is the ability to do work and transfer heat.

It comes in many forms:

light

heat

electricity

mechanical

nuclearSlide3

Energy Terms

Kinetic Energy

Matter that has energy because of its mass and speed.

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Represented as wavelengths of sounds, light, and radiation.

Heat

Total kinetic energy of all moving atoms, ions, or molecules of a substance

Temperature

Measurement of the average speed of those particles.Slide4

Energy Terms

Potential Energy

Stored energy that has the potential to do work.

High quality energy

Organized or concentrated to perform useful work

fossil fuels

Low quality energy

Dispersed and disorganized and has little ability to do work.

Atlantic OceanSlide5

Energy Terms

Entropy

Measurement of the disorder of energy.

Higher entropy = less useful

Physical Change

Changes in shape, size, form, etc. without chemical alteration

Mixture of eggs, milk, and flour

Chemical Change

Chemical reactions that alter the composition of mixtures or compounds.

Adding heat to batter makes a cakeSlide6

Energy Terms

Nuclear Change

Nuclei of certain isotopes change into one or more different isotopes.

Radioactive Decay

Unstable isotopes (radioisotopes) are emitted as fast-moving or high-energy radiation or both.

alpha or beta particles or gamma rays

Continues to decay until unstable isotope becomes stable isotope.

Measured as half-life

Radiocarbon dating

Used to estimate the age of carbon-containing matterSlide7

Energy Laws

1

st

Law of Thermodynamics

(AKA: Law of Conservation of Energy)

Energy is neither created nor destroyed

But it may be converted from one form to another.

So why worry about the loss of resources?

2

nd

Law of Thermodynamics

When energy is converted from one form to another, some of the useful energy is always degraded to lower-quality, less useful energy.

Net Energy

Amount of usable energy remaining after the production cost is subtracted.Slide8
Slide9

Developed vs. Developing UsageSlide10

Energy Resources

Where do we get our energy from?

World

Nonrenewable resources

~84%

Renewable resources

~16%

US (the largest user of energy)

Nonrenewable resources

~

90%

Renewable resources

~10%Slide11

US Energy Usage (2011)Slide12
Slide13
Slide14

US Energy Efficiency & Sustainability

Increase Energy Efficiency and Conservation

a. Requires many unpopular decisions

Decrease speed limits

ii. Eliminate government subsidies

Secure Future Fossil Fuel Energy Supplies

Oppositions:

environmental and economic

Develop Alternative Energy Sources

Who pays for this?

Gas taxes?

Meet the First Three Objectives Without Further Damage to the EnvironmentSlide15

Energy Cost ComparisonSlide16

Energy Resources

Basic Power Production

How do we make electricity???

Most power plants, no matter what type of fuel source utilized, create electricity in the same basic manner.Slide17

Basic Coal-Fired Power PlantSlide18

Non-Renewable Energy

Fossil Fuels

Most widely used source of energy in developed countries.

Derived from decomposition of buried plant and animal matter trapped under high temperature & pressure for millions of years.

Oil & Natural Gas

derived from animals

Coal

derived from plantsSlide19

Coal

World’s most abundant fuel

provides 60% of the world’s electricity supply

~50% in the US

also the dirtiest

C, S, Hg, As,

Cd

, etc.

Composed primarily of carbon

Includes small amounts of water and sulfurSlide20

Coal

Formed in several stages

Peat

- not a coal

Lignite

- low sulfur/low heat

Bituminous

- high sulfur/high heat

- most abundant form

Anthracite

- low sulfur/high heat

- most desirable/least abundantSlide21

Coal

Coal Reserves

USA

Russia

China

Australia

India

Coal Production

China

USA

India

Australia

IndonesiaSlide22

Coal

How do we extract coal?

Subsurface Mining

Used for coal reserves deep underground

Traditional “mines”

Very expensive and dangerous but less environmental damage

Surface Mining

used for coal nearer the surface

causes the most environmental damage

Area strip mining

flat terrain

Contour strip mining

Hilly or mountainous terrain

Open Pit Mining

deep pit digging

Mountain Top Mining

Destroys mountain ecosystemsSlide23
Slide24

Coal

Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (1977)

Requires filling (reclaiming) of surface mines after mining

Reduces Acid Mine Drainage

Requires permits and inspections of active coal mining sites

Prohibits coal mining in sensitive areasSlide25

Coal

Coal Burning:

Releases large quantities of CO

2

into atmosphere

Greenhouse gas

Releases other pollutants into atmosphere

Mercury

Sulfur Oxides

Nitrous Oxides

Particulate Matter

Can cause acid precipitationSlide26

Coal

Power Generation

Can reduce air pollutants using

electrostatic precipitators

removes much of the particulate matter

scrubbers

removes SO

2

from emissions

fluidized bed boilers

mixes powdered coal and crushed limestone

reduces SO

2

, NO

x

, and particulate matter

produces ash as a byproductSlide27

Coal

Pros

High quality

Most abundant fossil fuel on the planet

Relatively inexpensive

Cons

Dirtiest fossil fuel

Releases CO, CO

2

, SO

2

, As, NO

x

, heavy metals

Pb

, Ni,

Cd

Mining can cause severe environmental degradation

Mining is very dangerous

Non-renewable resourceSlide28

Crude Oil/Petroleum

Primary Oil Recovery

Drilling a well and allowing gravity to push the oil into the pipe.

Secondary Oil Recovery

Injecting water into wells forcing remaining oil to surface of the well for extraction.

Primary + Secondary Recovery

Only extracts ~35% of oil from a reservoir

Tertiary Oil Recovery

Various process used to try and recover remaining heavy oil

Extremely expensive and uses a lot of energy.

1/3 barrel of oil used for every barrel recovered.Slide29
Slide30

Crude Oil/Petroleum

Various Derivatives

Refining process separates various hydrocarbons based on boiling points.

Common

derivatives

Fractional distillationSlide31

Crude Oil/Petroleum

Petrochemicals

By-products of distillation process include components used in:

Plastics

Pesticides

Synthetic fibers

Paints

Medicines

FertilizersSlide32

Crude Oil/Petroleum

Oil Reserves & OPEC

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

controls 78% of world’s proven oil reserves (and most of the unproved reserves)

Consists of 11 nations

Top

Proven

Oil Reserves

Venezuela*

Saudi Arabia

Canada**

Iran

IraqSlide33

Crude Oil/Petroleum

Top Oil Producing Countries

Saudi Arabia

Russia

USA

Iraq

ChinaSlide34

1989 Alaskan Oil Spill

Exxon Valdez hit a reef and spilled 260,000 barrels of crude oil into sound

Largest oil

tanker

spill in US

history-

BP

Oil SpillSlide35

Oil Pollution Act of 1990

Establishes liability for damages to natural resources during an oil spillSlide36

Keystone PipelineSlide37

Crude Oil/Petroleum

Pros

High quality energy

Energy is easily harnessed

Easily transported/stored

Cons

Non-renewable resource

Emissions from burning are extremely detrimental to environment and health

Prices are volatile

Production & Transport of oil can be dangerous

Deepwater HorizonSlide38

Natural Gas

What is it?

Primarily Methane (CH

4

)

50% - 90%

Can also include other heavy gaseous hydrocarbons

ethane (C

2

H

6

), propane (C

3

H

8

), butane (C

4

H

10), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S)

Conventional Natural Gas

Found above oil reservoirs

Unconventional Natural Gas

Found in coal beds, shale rock, dissolved in deep deposits of hot water

Methane hydrate

Small bubbles trapped in ice crystals deep under permafrost and beneath deep-ocean sediments.

Combined has 2x more energy than all oil, coal, and NG combinedSlide39

Natural Gas

LPG vs. LNG

Liquefied Petroleum Gas

Consists of liquefied propane and butane gases

Remaining gas (methane) is distributed into pressurized pipelines

Liquefied Natural Gas

Natural gas at very low temperatures

Typically used for shipping to other countriesSlide40

Natural Gas

Top Proven Natural Gas Reserves

Russia

Iran

Qatar

Top Natural Gas Producers

USA

Russia

Iran

Qatar

Canada

USA

Saudi ArabiaSlide41

Natural Gas

Pros

High Quality

Easily transported/stored

Less air pollution

Cons

Non-renewable resource

High emissions of SO

2

and H

2

S

Can be dangerous to handleSlide42

Synfuel

Synfuel

Synthesized fuel from coal and other naturally occurring sources

Used in place of oil or natural gas

Include:

Tar sands

Oil shales

Gas hydrates

Liquefied coal

Coal gas (right)Slide43

Fracking

Process of extracting Natural Gas and/or Oil from shale rock deep underground.

Involves injecting a mixture of water and chemicals underground to break up the rock

Allows for extraction of NG at that point.

Global fracking projects have dramatically increased in the last decade (especially in US)

Rising oil and NG prices

New technologies (better drilling equipment, 3D imaging)

Can be devastating to the surrounding environment

Water pollution in wells and aquifers

Contamination of soil

Geologic instabilitySlide44

Length of Supplies???

Difficult to determine and estimates vary

Depends on:

Locating more deposits

Future extraction technologies

Changes in global consumption rates

Experts indicate there may be shortages in 21

st

centurySlide45

Nuclear Energy

Very expensive and complicated technology.

Nuclear Fission Reactors

atoms of Uranium-235 or Plutonium-239 are split by neutrons which releases energy (heat)

entire reaction occurs in a moderator

water

controlled by using neutron absorbing control rods

boron carbide, silver, cadmium Slide46

Nuclear EnergySlide47

Nuclear EnergySlide48

Nuclear Fuel Cycle

Processes involved in producing the fuel used in nuclear reactors and in disposing of radioactive (nuclear) wastes Slide49

Nuclear Energy

450

commercial reactors in

30

countries producing

11%

of the world’s electricity.

60 new reactors currently under

construction in 15 countries

99

reactors in the US producing ~20% of our electricity.

Moratorium on new plants began in1979.

New ones have been approved and construction has begun however, including one in FL

France heavily relies on nuclear energy

~77% of France’s power generation

Heavily subsidized by the governmentSlide50

https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=207&t=21

There are 61 commercially operating nuclear power plants with 99 nuclear reactors in 30 states in the United States. (The Indian Point Energy Center in New York has two nuclear reactors that the U.S. Energy Information Center counts as two separate nuclear plants.) Of these nuclear plants, 35 have two or more reactors. The Palo Verde power plant in Arizona is the largest nuclear plant, and it has three reactors with a combined net summer electricity generating capacity at 3,937 megawatts (MW).  The R. E.

Ginna

Nuclear Power Plant in New York is the smallest nuclear plant, and it has one reactor with a net summer electricity generating capacity at 508 MW.

The newest nuclear reactor to enter service, Watts Bar Unit 2 with 1,150 MW net summer electricity generating capacity, began commercial operation in October 2016.

Four new nuclear reactors are actively under construction:

Vogtle

Units 3 and 4 in Georgia and Virgil C. Summer Units 2 and 3 in South Carolina.Slide51

Nuclear Energy

Meltdown

At high temperatures the metal encasing the uranium fuel can melt, releasing radiation

Probability of meltdown is low

Public perception is that nuclear power is not safe

Sites of major accidents:

Three Mile Island (PA)

Chernobyl (Ukraine)

Fukushima (Japan)Slide52

3 Mile Island

1979 - most serious reactor accident in US

50% meltdown of reactor core

Containment building kept radiation from escaping

No substantial environmental damage

No human casualties

Elevated public apprehension of nuclear energy

Led to cancellation and moratorium of many new plants in USSlide53

Chernobyl

1986 - worst accident in history

1 or 2 explosions destroyed the nuclear reactor

Large amounts of radiation escaped into atmosphere

Spread across large portions of Europe

Final death toll between 10,000 & 100,000Slide54
Slide55

Nuclear Energy

Low-level radioactive waste

Radioactive solids, liquids, or gases that give off small amounts of ionizing radiation

High-level radioactive waste

Radioactive solids, liquids, or gases that give off large amounts of ionizing radiation

Mill Tailings

residue from extraction of uranium oreSlide56

Radiation in PerspectiveSlide57

Nuclear Energy

Long term storage of nuclear waste is an ongoing, global problem

spent nuclear rods require long-term storage in protected areas

concrete and water are most practical at blocking gamma rays

US currently stores wastes at “temporary” facilities

primarily onsite at power plantSlide58

Nuclear Energy

US currently stores wastes at “temporary” facilities

In nuclear plant facility (require high security)

Under water storage

Above ground concrete and steel casksSlide59

Nuclear Energy

Long term storage was planned for Yucca Mountain.

Project has been canceled

environmental concerns

$$$Slide60

Nuclear Energy

Licensed to operate for 40 years

Several have received 20-year extensions

Power plants cannot be abandoned when they are shut down

Three solutions

Storage

Entombment

Decommissioning (dismantling)Slide61

Nuclear Energy

Nuclear Fusion

Fuses two atoms of hydrogen isotopes

deuterium and tritium fuse at 100 million degrees

Haven’t been able to efficiently fuse atomsSlide62

Nuclear Energy

Pros

High quality

1g U

235

= 3.5 tons of coal

Very little air or water pollution.

Cons

Extremely expensive

High potential of deadly accidents

Very toxic waste products are produced

Non-renewable resource

NIMBYSlide63

Renewable Energy

What are they and where do they come from?

Sources of energy that are potentially sustainable because it can last indefinitely without reducing the original supply.Slide64

Solar Power

The sun is the ultimate source of energy for the earth.

Photovoltaic Cells

converts solar energy directly into electricity

extremely expensive and very inefficientSlide65

Solar Power

Active Solar Heating

absorbs solar energy and moves it into a building

solar water heater

Traditional Electricity Production

Involves concentrating

sunlight to one pointSlide66

Solar Power

Passive Solar Heating

captures sunlight directly within a structure and converts it to heat

greenhouse

South facing windows (in N. hemisphere)

Well insulated buildings

Attic vents

OverhangsSlide67
Slide68

Solar Power

Pros

most abundant source of energy on earth

no emissions

renewable resource

Cons

low quality

expensive to build

inefficient to harnessSlide69

Biomass

Can be any organic material burned

wood, manure, plant fibers, dried algae

Heavily

used in developing nations

heats homes and cooks food

Also

used to create electricity

Sweden is leader

Can

be converted into biofuels

Utilizes bacteria or chemical processes

Creates gaseous and liquid fuels

Ethanol and Methanol

Biogas

60% CH

4

, 40% CO

2Slide70

Biomass

Pros

high quality

potentially renewable resource

as long as resources aren’t harvested faster than produced

Cons

Can be destructive to the land

Takes away food resources from people

open fires are extremely inefficient

70% of energy is lostSlide71

Wind

World’s fastest growing energy resource

Winds are harnessed by building turbine “farms” in suitable locations.

usually between 20-2000 turbines

must have consistent, strong winds

Best available sites to harness wind in US are the Great Plains states.

Largest users of wind power is Northern Europe and the US

Fastest growing use is in AsiaSlide72

WindSlide73

Wind

Pros

no air or water pollution

relatively cheap to build and operate

renewable energy source

Cons

low quality

unsightly (though less than a traditional power plant)

inconsistent power supply

may interfere with migratory bird routesSlide74

Hydropower

3 methods of electricity production:

Large-scale

High dam with a large reservoir

Small-scale

Low dam with no reservoir

Pumped-storage hydropower

Pumps excess water to reservoirs where electricity is neededSlide75

Hydropower

17 turbines – 2,000 MWSlide76

China’s 3 Gorges Dam

26 turbines – 18,200 MWSlide77

China’s 3 Gorges DamSlide78

Hydropower

Supplies

~16%

of the world’s electricity

Norway ~99%

New Zealand ~75%

US

~26%

China is largest producer of hydroelectricity

Can be high or low quality depending on the situation.

Pros

dams produce no air or water pollution

renewable resource

Cons

expensive to build

disrupts ecosystemsSlide79

HydropowerSlide80

Wave Energy

Converts wave energy into electricity

Pros

renewable energy source

many suitable locations located throughout the world

can be used to produce freshwater from seawater at the same time

Cons

low quality

expensive to build and maintainSlide81

Geothermal

Enormous potential energy source

1% of heat in upper 10km of earth’s crust = 500x earth’s fossil fuel sources

From Hydrothermal

Reservoirs

Created by volcanoes

Reservoirs used directly

for heat or to generate

electricitySlide82

Geothermal

From hot, dry rock

Geothermal heat pumps

Use difference in temperature between surface and subsurface

Great for heating buildings

Expensive installationSlide83

Geothermal

Currently used by 24 countries

mostly developing

Iceland is leader

Pros

high quality

relatively clean

Cons

very few concentrated and/or accessible sources of energy

can cause geologic instabilitySlide84

Tidal Energy

Converts tidal energy into

electricity- uses gravitational pull of the moon and sun as a

power source

Pros

renewable energy source

Cons

low quality

expensive to build and operate

very few suitable locations

only two plants currently in operation

La Rance, France and Bay of Fundy, Nova Scotia,

Canada

3 other large ones- South Korea, UK, ScotlandSlide85

Fuel Cell

Device that directly converts chemical energy into electricity

Requires H from a tank and O2 from the air.

Similar to a battery, but reactants are supplied from outside source.Slide86

Fuel Cells

Hydrogen and oxygen gases combine to produce electricity.

H is the most abundant element in the universe

Most H gas is currently produced from oil

H combines with O

2

in the air and produces water vapor

Pros

Very efficient

Only emission is water vapor.

High quality

Cons

Very expensive to build

Hydrogen is potentially dangerous to store and transportSlide87

Micropower

Proponents argue the future will be decentralized small-scale micropower systems.

Produce smaller amounts of electricity on site and disperse any excess to the traditional electrical grid.