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Vets Working With Beef Cattle Vets Working With Beef Cattle

Vets Working With Beef Cattle - PowerPoint Presentation

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Vets Working With Beef Cattle - PPT Presentation

Nutrition DgriffinGPVECUNLEDU httpgpvecunledu Health amp Nutrition Go HandNHand Understand What they eat Water intake Feed intake Growth requirements Production requirements Grass Forage ID: 614404

intake amp cattle mineral amp intake mineral cattle dry water protein function feed energy implants levels deficiency forage symptoms

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Slide1

Vets Working With Beef CattleNutrition

Dgriffin@GPVEC.UNL.EDU

http//gpvec.unl.eduSlide2

Health & Nutrition Go Hand-N-Hand

Understand

What they eat

Water intake

Feed intake

Growth requirements

Production requirementsSlide3

Grass / Forage

Vegetative stage

All regrows

Reproductive stage

No regrowth

LEAVE HALF

Insures adequate CHO reserves

Improves root depthSlide4

Grass Types

Cool Season

Warm SeasonSlide5

Forage Intake

Grazing “Animal Unit” = 1,000 lbs.

Grazing Intake ~ 2.2 to 2.4% BW on DMB

3 plant cell wall components …

Cellulose, Lignin & Hemicellulose

NDF includes all 3 componentsNDF can be used to estimate “fill”“Max” Intake adjustment = 120/NDFSlide6

Estimating Available Forage

An acre is ~ 70 yards square

Available forage … lbs. / acre

Select useable forage in ½ meter SQ

Length & Side of standard note book

Dry sample to 100% Dry Matter (DM)40 * grams DM ~ = lbs. / acreSlide7

What is the

most important nutrient?

WATER

How much water does a herbivore need each day?

10% to 12% of BW or ~12 gal / AU

Double in heat stressSlide8

BASIC Mature NUT Requirements

Water Requirement 10% to 12% of BW or ~ 12 gal / AU

Doubles in heat stress

Key Nutritiona

l Concern

Example

Nutrient

Base Level

(Mature–Neutral)

Common

Addition

(Exp.:

Lactation

)

Protein

Crude

Protein

(CP)

8% to

12%

12%

to 18%

Energy

Total Net Energy

(TDN)

45% to 55%

55% to 65%

Major

Mineral

Calcium

(Ca)

0.3%

to 0.4%

0.4%

to 0.6%

Major

Mineral

Phosphorus

(P)

0.2%

to 0.3%

0.3% to 0.4%Slide9

Nutritional Diseases

Polio (PEM)

AIP

Urinary Calculi

Water (Salt)

Intox.

Intake related

Overload

LaminitisKetosisSlide10

Nutrient Loss

Environmental

Mud

4” = -14%

Cold

>0º F = 15%HeatDecrease intake

Antagonistic Feeds

Negative disassociative factor

Occurs when rat feedstuffs require different bugs.Slide11

Nutrient Loss

Environmental

Mud

4” = -14%

Cold

>0º F = 15%HeatDecrease intake

Antagonistic Feeds

Negative disassociative factor

Occurs when rat feedstuffs require different bugs.Slide12

Nut Terms

DMB

= Dry Matter Basis

ADB

= Air Dry Basis

(~90% DMB …used for additives)AFB = As Fed Basis

Call

(bunk call)

=

amount of AF ration to be delivered (usually daily)

Sometimes to indicate remaining feed

DMI

= Dry Matter Intake

DOF

= Days On FeedSlide13

Nut Terms

TDN

= Total Digestible Nutrients

An

energy

term not used by real feedyard nutsNEm = Net Energy for maintenanceNEg

= Net Energy for gain

~ 45 % the NEm of roughage

~ 65 % the NEm of grains

DIP

= Digestible Intake Protein

UIP

= Undigestible Intake ProteinSlide14

Energy Digestion

Forage

Cellulose

Cellulolytic Bugs (Slow dig rate)

pH 6.2 – 6.8

Volatile Fatty Acids & MethaneGlucose

Concentrate

Starch

Amylolytic Bugs (fast dig rate)

pH 5.5 – 6.6

Volatile Fatty Acids & Methane + Lactate

GlucoseSlide15

Volatile Fatty Acid Production1

° Ruminant Energy Source …

Big “3” … (APB)

Acetate,

Propionate

, ButyrateForage … 70:15:10Concentrate … 50:35:15Slide16

NUTRIENT

FUNCTION

Vitamin A

Eye health, reproduction, respiratory system

Vitamin D

Bone calcification, joint development

Vitamin E

Reproduction, prevent muscle degeneration

Vitamin K

Maintains normal blood clotting time

Vitamin B-12

Corrects anemia symptoms

Vitamin C

Reproductive performance

Niacin

Carbohydrate utilization

Pantothenic Acid

Reproduction & coordination

Riboflavin

Maintains eye tissues, hair & skin

Thiamine

Maintains peak food consumption

Choline

Liver & kidney functions & coordination

Calcium

Bone growth & maintenance, blood clotting

Phosphorus

Bone growth & maintenance, reproduction 

Cobalt

Vitamin B-12 synthesis

Magnesium

Mental Health, maintains joints

Sulfur

Bacterial synthesis of Vitamin A & Amino Acids

Potassium

Feed efficiency

Iodine

Fertility

ZincReproduction, stress fighterManganeseSoundness of limbsIronHemoglobin formationCopperCartilage, growth, hemoglobin formationSeleniumPrevents muscular degeneration, reproductionSodiumRegulates amount of body fluid

VITAMINS&

MINERASLSSlide17

Mineral Function … More Details

Calcium (CA) … is required for healthy bones, teeth, transmission of nerve impulses & muscle contraction.

Ca blood levels are maintained relatively constant through a fantastic physiologic process involving Ca phosphorus & vitamin D.

Ca & phosphorus are stored in bone & mobilized into the blood & soft tissues (muscles & nerves) as needed.

Ca requirement for non-growing adults such as non-lactating pregnant cows is 15 to 20 grams per day (g/d) & doubles early in lactation & for rapidly growing cattle.

Little is known about the maximum tolerable level of Ca, but it is important to maintain a Ca to phosphorus (Ca:P) ratio of between 1.5:1 to 2.5 to 1.Slide18

Mineral Function … More Details

Phosphorus (P) … is also required for healthy bones, teeth. It also functions in DNA formation & cellular energy metabolism.

Phosphorus deficiency is frequently considered in grazing cattle.

Symptoms include decreased animal performance, including reduced weight gains, poor reproductive efficiency, & low milk production. Slide19

Mineral Function … More Details

Magnesium (MG) … is critical for normal function of several metabolic enzymes including glucose utilization & DNA formation.

Grass tetany (frequent urination, erratic behavior, & convulsions) is the most common symptom producer’s associate with a magnesium deficiency.

Magnesium levels decrease in association with the high water content of rapidly growing plants in the spring.

Five to ten grams of magnesium per day is usually adequate, however there are some grazing circumstances that would require these recommended levels to be doubled. Slide20

Mineral Function … More Details

Cobalt (CO) … is required for vitamin B12 synthesis by ruminal bacteria.

Since vitamin B12 synthesis occurs in the rumen, cobalt must be consumed in the diet daily.

Cattle daily cobalt requirement is approximately one milligram per day.

Cobalt is typically abundant in most feed stuffs therefore additional supplementation is rarely required.

Deficiency symptoms for cobalt include loss of appetite, followed by muscle wasting & anemia. Slide21

Mineral Function … More Details

Copper (CU) … deficiencies seem to be the most widely discuss yet seldom observed mineral nutrition malady in the beef industry.

Cu deficiency symptoms include loss of hair color (reddish ting to black hair is often described … although low copper levels in the diet is not the only cause of hair bleaching) & unthriftiness, anemia.

One tenth gram (10 PPM) of Cu in the diet is adequate for beef cattle.

The molybdenum (MO), sulfur (S) & iron (FE) levels are as important as the copper level in the diet.

Molybdenum intakes greater than 1/20 gram (5 PPM), sulfur intakes greater than 40 grams (0.4%) &/or iron intakes 10 grams (1000 PPM) will tie up dietary Cu & necessitate increasing Cu supplementation.

BUT … Cu toxicity (symptoms include acute breakdown of red blood cells) in beef cattle does occur especially in heavy muscle breeds of cattle. It can occur with as little as 115 ppm copper in the diet.

Because Cu, molybdenum & iron are stored in the liver symptoms of deficiency or toxicity occur only after long term dietary insult. Slide22

Mineral Function … More Details

Selenium (SE) … it seems much of the U.S. has soils that are either talked about as deficient or excessive … Maybe not so.

Daily SE requirement is approximately one milligram / day (0.10 PPM).

SE status in cattle is difficult to evaluate.

The old thumb rule about SE deficiencies being associated with acid or sandy soils can be misleading.

Soils or forage analysis is a more reliable & less expensive for predicting cattle status than blood or hair samples.

Check with your area soils & forage testing laboratory for their opinion about the local SE levels.

SE & Vit. E utilization in the body is metabolically related.

Low levels of SE can be off set with Vit. E supplementation.

Conversely low levels of Vit. E can be off set with SE supplementation.

White muscle disease in young calves is the most common problem associated with a SE / Vit. E deficiency.

Retained placentas are commonly associated with SE / Vits. E deficiency BUT there are many other causes not related to minerals.

SE toxicity causes blindness & ataxia (blind-stagers).

It is also known as alkali disease & is mainly seen in western states. Slide23

Mineral Function … More Details

Zinc (ZN) … is required in the formation of enzymes needed for proper protein & carbohydrate metabolism, & in proper immune function.

Excessive calcium levels can interfere with zinc uptake & utilization.

Dietary requirement for zinc is approximately 1/3 gram (30 PPM) per day.

Deficiency symptoms include hair loss, dermatitis, scabby legs, slow wound healing, excessive salivation & unthriftiness.

Because zinc is abundant in most feedstuffs a deficiency is unlikely.

However supplementation could be considered in cattle on silage rations & if the calcium level in the diet is high. Slide24

Focus On Important Issues … But the Sky Probably Not Falling

In the Cow – Calf herd, reproduction is the most important production management issue.

While breeding soundness in not all nutrition, the body condition score (BCS), which is related to nutrition, plays a massive role in the fertility of cows, but BCS has virtually nothing to do with mineral nutrition.

BCS is simply related to ration energy intake.

Minerals have been associated with reproductive function such as open cows; cystic ovaries; retained placentas; misshapen ovaries; poor fertilization of eggs; erratic, weak, silent or no heat cycles, delayed conceptions, abortions, & poor quality semen.  Slide25

Mineral InteractionsSlide26

Mineral Availability …

Sulfate forms are “Indexed as 100% Bioavailability”

Chelates are + 100% index bioavailability

Oxides have the lowest bioavailability

Differences are important but frequently over sold.

All mineral forms, other than Cu & Fe can be used by adjusting the amount add in the supplement.

Cattle are rarely deficient in Fe & excessive amounts adversely affect the immune system.

In fact, excessive amounts of any mineral should be considered immune suppressive. Slide27

Feed Additives … (all added on “air dry basis” ADB & No ELDU)

MGA

estrus control

ADG + 10 %

FE – 5 to 6 %

+/- Carcass QualityRumensin intake controlADG +/- 0 %

FE – 7 to 10 %

(roughage)

+/- Carcass QualityBovatec

ADG +6 to 7 %

FE – 7 to 10 %

CTC & Aureo-S-700 -

sickness

ADG +20 %, FE – 15 %

… all short term (28 days)

Decrease sickness 10 to 35

Can feed 10mg/lb/d – 5 days

WD = 10 days

Tylan / OTC -

Liver abscess

A+ livers:

ADG - 3 to 5 %,

FE - 7 %Slide28

AMDUCA’ Scope

ELDU permitted only when animal’s health is threatened or animal is suffering … Therapeutic only.

ELDU is not allowed for production

Implants … reproductive … etc.

ELDU is not allowed for feed additivesSlide29

Acidosis

Biochemical & physiological stresses caused by rapid & excessive production & absorption of organic acids & endotoxins when an animal over consumes a meal of readily fermentable carbohydrates, usually grains.

The severity of the acidosis insult determines the symptoms observed … subacute

(ph <5.6)

 to  acute

(ph <5.0)Slide30

Acidosis Factors

Grain Source & Processing

Rate & extent of ruminal digestion

Roughage Source & Processing

Additives (ionophore, buffer, etc)

Rat Step Up ManagementSudden Intake ChangeEnvironmental ChangeSlide31

Grain & Processing Ranked by Ruminal Starch Digestion

Fast

Wheat

Barley

High Moisture Corn (ground)Steam Flaked Corn & High Moisture Corn (whole)Dry Rolled Corn – Steam Flaked Grain Sorghum

Dry Whole Corn

Dry Rolled Grain Sorghum

SlowSlide32

Typical pH – Feed ResponseSlide33

Acidosis Symptoms

Acute

Visible

Diet Transition

Intake Regulation

Forage = fillGrain = chem mechSDS, PEM, Liv Abs

Wall damage

Reduce absorb

Reduce gain & FE

Founder

(previous >45)

Subacute

Difficult to observe

Reduced intake

Pen conditions

Individual reduction masked by pen average

Erratic feed intake patterns

Intake

 pHSlide34

Subclinical AcidosisSlide35

Acidosis Control

pH



intake

All cattle affected

Bunk consistencyMultiple deliveriesProper processingRoughage (3-10%)

Grain adaptation (14-28D)

Don’t change two things at once

Bunk mgnt flex

Ionophore

Monitor records

Consistency

HabitSlide36

Water …

The most important nutrient

… right?

Know what other nutrients are in the water … SO4

Requirement … 8 to 10 % BW

1000 critter needs + 10 gallons a dayUNLESS … its hot Heat (>82

º F) … double water need

Hide color affects water needs in the heat

RESERVE CAPACITY IS EVERYTHING

Days water needs in 2 hrs when it is hot

Measure when system is stressed (2 hrs post feeding)Slide37

The Ear Is A Busy PlaceSlide38

Buller Syndrome … an enigma

*PHYTOESTROGEN

(Plant ESTROGEN)

Also molds … including bunk molds

Not associated with DOF

Weather (Hot & Dry) … yes, butBunk Management … yes, butAssociation with Implants “burst”

Peak release following implanting

Implant location (middle 1/3) … maybe

Crushed pellets … I doubt it.Slide39

Sick signs

Depression

Appetite / Fill: shape & texture

Loose feces

Respiration / Cough / Rate

Rectal Temperature ???Don’t let a thermometer do your thinking’Slide40

How Sick Cattle Eat

Pull any new calf that is slow to come to the bunk

Look for sick cattle shortly after putting out feed.Slide41

Sick: Intake vs. TempSlide42

Feeding Sick Calves

Get a good nutritionist

High quality feedstuffs

Formulate for low intakes

Bunk management

Intake is everythingSlide43

Rat Balancing … Pearson Square

Nutrient

(Protein)

38

Tot Parts

Ingred 1

Anal (SBM)

48 % Protein

4 parts

SBM

10.5%

Desired Analysis

14 % Protein

Ingred 2

Anal (Corn)

10 % Protein

34 parts

Corn

89.5%Slide44

Problem … Sick Weaned Feeder

600 lb … Intake ~ 1.1 % BW (DMB)

… intake = 6.6 lbs DM

Protein Requirement = 1.9 lbs CP

Receiving Ration = 13.2% CP

… 600 x 2.5% BW = 15 lb x 13.2% = 2 lb CPSoy Bean Meal (SBM) = 48%How much SBM must be added to meet the sick calf’s requirements?Slide45

Answer … Sick Weaned Feeder

Intake 6.6 lbs (DM) … Needs 1.9 lb CP

1.9 / 6.6 = 28.8 % CP

R-Rat = 13.2 CP – 28.8 = 15.6 parts SBM

SBM = 48.0 CP – 28.8 = 19.2 parts R-Rat

Total … 34.8 partsR-Rat = 55.2 % , SBM = 44.8 %Slide46
Slide47

Implants … & humans

Lets look at sources of estrogens …Slide48

Implants … & humans

Lets look at sources of estrogens …Slide49

Implants … & humans

Lets look at sources of estrogens …

No

Withdrawal Time

RequiredSlide50

ImplantsSlide51

Implants & GrowthSlide52

Implant Strategies

Start LOW => Finish HIGH

Attempt to have implant run out as feeder walks into packing plant

“Stacking” is not good

(What is “stacking”?Re-implant during “Pay-Out Window”Must be eating

implants require fuel

Effects on tenderness …

YES (says CSU Research)

Effects on Reproduction … YES !!!Slide53

Buller Syndrome … an enigma

*PHYTOESTROGEN

(Plant ESTROGEN)

Also molds … including bunk molds

Not associated with DOF

Weather (Hot & Dry) … yes, butBunk Management … yes, butAssociation with Implants “burst”

Peak release following implanting

Implant location (middle 1/3) … maybe

Crushed pellets … I doubt it.