Nutrition DgriffinGPVECUNLEDU httpgpvecunledu Health amp Nutrition Go HandNHand Understand What they eat Water intake Feed intake Growth requirements Production requirements Grass Forage ID: 614404
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Slide1
Vets Working With Beef CattleNutrition
Dgriffin@GPVEC.UNL.EDU
http//gpvec.unl.eduSlide2
Health & Nutrition Go Hand-N-Hand
Understand
What they eat
Water intake
Feed intake
Growth requirements
Production requirementsSlide3
Grass / Forage
Vegetative stage
All regrows
Reproductive stage
No regrowth
LEAVE HALF
Insures adequate CHO reserves
Improves root depthSlide4
Grass Types
Cool Season
Warm SeasonSlide5
Forage Intake
Grazing “Animal Unit” = 1,000 lbs.
Grazing Intake ~ 2.2 to 2.4% BW on DMB
3 plant cell wall components …
Cellulose, Lignin & Hemicellulose
NDF includes all 3 componentsNDF can be used to estimate “fill”“Max” Intake adjustment = 120/NDFSlide6
Estimating Available Forage
An acre is ~ 70 yards square
Available forage … lbs. / acre
Select useable forage in ½ meter SQ
Length & Side of standard note book
Dry sample to 100% Dry Matter (DM)40 * grams DM ~ = lbs. / acreSlide7
What is the
most important nutrient?
WATER
How much water does a herbivore need each day?
10% to 12% of BW or ~12 gal / AU
Double in heat stressSlide8
BASIC Mature NUT Requirements
Water Requirement 10% to 12% of BW or ~ 12 gal / AU
…
Doubles in heat stress
Key Nutritiona
l Concern
Example
Nutrient
Base Level
(Mature–Neutral)
Common
Addition
(Exp.:
Lactation
)
Protein
Crude
Protein
(CP)
8% to
12%
12%
to 18%
Energy
Total Net Energy
(TDN)
45% to 55%
55% to 65%
Major
Mineral
Calcium
(Ca)
0.3%
to 0.4%
0.4%
to 0.6%
Major
Mineral
Phosphorus
(P)
0.2%
to 0.3%
0.3% to 0.4%Slide9
Nutritional Diseases
Polio (PEM)
AIP
Urinary Calculi
Water (Salt)
Intox.
Intake related
Overload
LaminitisKetosisSlide10
Nutrient Loss
Environmental
Mud
4” = -14%
Cold
>0º F = 15%HeatDecrease intake
Antagonistic Feeds
Negative disassociative factor
Occurs when rat feedstuffs require different bugs.Slide11
Nutrient Loss
Environmental
Mud
4” = -14%
Cold
>0º F = 15%HeatDecrease intake
Antagonistic Feeds
Negative disassociative factor
Occurs when rat feedstuffs require different bugs.Slide12
Nut Terms
DMB
= Dry Matter Basis
ADB
= Air Dry Basis
(~90% DMB …used for additives)AFB = As Fed Basis
Call
(bunk call)
=
amount of AF ration to be delivered (usually daily)
Sometimes to indicate remaining feed
DMI
= Dry Matter Intake
DOF
= Days On FeedSlide13
Nut Terms
TDN
= Total Digestible Nutrients
An
energy
term not used by real feedyard nutsNEm = Net Energy for maintenanceNEg
= Net Energy for gain
~ 45 % the NEm of roughage
~ 65 % the NEm of grains
DIP
= Digestible Intake Protein
UIP
= Undigestible Intake ProteinSlide14
Energy Digestion
Forage
Cellulose
Cellulolytic Bugs (Slow dig rate)
pH 6.2 – 6.8
Volatile Fatty Acids & MethaneGlucose
Concentrate
Starch
Amylolytic Bugs (fast dig rate)
pH 5.5 – 6.6
Volatile Fatty Acids & Methane + Lactate
GlucoseSlide15
Volatile Fatty Acid Production1
° Ruminant Energy Source …
Big “3” … (APB)
Acetate,
Propionate
, ButyrateForage … 70:15:10Concentrate … 50:35:15Slide16
NUTRIENT
FUNCTION
Vitamin A
Eye health, reproduction, respiratory system
Vitamin D
Bone calcification, joint development
Vitamin E
Reproduction, prevent muscle degeneration
Vitamin K
Maintains normal blood clotting time
Vitamin B-12
Corrects anemia symptoms
Vitamin C
Reproductive performance
Niacin
Carbohydrate utilization
Pantothenic Acid
Reproduction & coordination
Riboflavin
Maintains eye tissues, hair & skin
Thiamine
Maintains peak food consumption
Choline
Liver & kidney functions & coordination
Calcium
Bone growth & maintenance, blood clotting
Phosphorus
Bone growth & maintenance, reproduction
Cobalt
Vitamin B-12 synthesis
Magnesium
Mental Health, maintains joints
Sulfur
Bacterial synthesis of Vitamin A & Amino Acids
Potassium
Feed efficiency
Iodine
Fertility
ZincReproduction, stress fighterManganeseSoundness of limbsIronHemoglobin formationCopperCartilage, growth, hemoglobin formationSeleniumPrevents muscular degeneration, reproductionSodiumRegulates amount of body fluid
VITAMINS&
MINERASLSSlide17
Mineral Function … More Details
Calcium (CA) … is required for healthy bones, teeth, transmission of nerve impulses & muscle contraction.
Ca blood levels are maintained relatively constant through a fantastic physiologic process involving Ca phosphorus & vitamin D.
Ca & phosphorus are stored in bone & mobilized into the blood & soft tissues (muscles & nerves) as needed.
Ca requirement for non-growing adults such as non-lactating pregnant cows is 15 to 20 grams per day (g/d) & doubles early in lactation & for rapidly growing cattle.
Little is known about the maximum tolerable level of Ca, but it is important to maintain a Ca to phosphorus (Ca:P) ratio of between 1.5:1 to 2.5 to 1.Slide18
Mineral Function … More Details
Phosphorus (P) … is also required for healthy bones, teeth. It also functions in DNA formation & cellular energy metabolism.
Phosphorus deficiency is frequently considered in grazing cattle.
Symptoms include decreased animal performance, including reduced weight gains, poor reproductive efficiency, & low milk production. Slide19
Mineral Function … More Details
Magnesium (MG) … is critical for normal function of several metabolic enzymes including glucose utilization & DNA formation.
Grass tetany (frequent urination, erratic behavior, & convulsions) is the most common symptom producer’s associate with a magnesium deficiency.
Magnesium levels decrease in association with the high water content of rapidly growing plants in the spring.
Five to ten grams of magnesium per day is usually adequate, however there are some grazing circumstances that would require these recommended levels to be doubled. Slide20
Mineral Function … More Details
Cobalt (CO) … is required for vitamin B12 synthesis by ruminal bacteria.
Since vitamin B12 synthesis occurs in the rumen, cobalt must be consumed in the diet daily.
Cattle daily cobalt requirement is approximately one milligram per day.
Cobalt is typically abundant in most feed stuffs therefore additional supplementation is rarely required.
Deficiency symptoms for cobalt include loss of appetite, followed by muscle wasting & anemia. Slide21
Mineral Function … More Details
Copper (CU) … deficiencies seem to be the most widely discuss yet seldom observed mineral nutrition malady in the beef industry.
Cu deficiency symptoms include loss of hair color (reddish ting to black hair is often described … although low copper levels in the diet is not the only cause of hair bleaching) & unthriftiness, anemia.
One tenth gram (10 PPM) of Cu in the diet is adequate for beef cattle.
The molybdenum (MO), sulfur (S) & iron (FE) levels are as important as the copper level in the diet.
Molybdenum intakes greater than 1/20 gram (5 PPM), sulfur intakes greater than 40 grams (0.4%) &/or iron intakes 10 grams (1000 PPM) will tie up dietary Cu & necessitate increasing Cu supplementation.
BUT … Cu toxicity (symptoms include acute breakdown of red blood cells) in beef cattle does occur especially in heavy muscle breeds of cattle. It can occur with as little as 115 ppm copper in the diet.
Because Cu, molybdenum & iron are stored in the liver symptoms of deficiency or toxicity occur only after long term dietary insult. Slide22
Mineral Function … More Details
Selenium (SE) … it seems much of the U.S. has soils that are either talked about as deficient or excessive … Maybe not so.
Daily SE requirement is approximately one milligram / day (0.10 PPM).
SE status in cattle is difficult to evaluate.
The old thumb rule about SE deficiencies being associated with acid or sandy soils can be misleading.
Soils or forage analysis is a more reliable & less expensive for predicting cattle status than blood or hair samples.
Check with your area soils & forage testing laboratory for their opinion about the local SE levels.
SE & Vit. E utilization in the body is metabolically related.
Low levels of SE can be off set with Vit. E supplementation.
Conversely low levels of Vit. E can be off set with SE supplementation.
White muscle disease in young calves is the most common problem associated with a SE / Vit. E deficiency.
Retained placentas are commonly associated with SE / Vits. E deficiency BUT there are many other causes not related to minerals.
SE toxicity causes blindness & ataxia (blind-stagers).
It is also known as alkali disease & is mainly seen in western states. Slide23
Mineral Function … More Details
Zinc (ZN) … is required in the formation of enzymes needed for proper protein & carbohydrate metabolism, & in proper immune function.
Excessive calcium levels can interfere with zinc uptake & utilization.
Dietary requirement for zinc is approximately 1/3 gram (30 PPM) per day.
Deficiency symptoms include hair loss, dermatitis, scabby legs, slow wound healing, excessive salivation & unthriftiness.
Because zinc is abundant in most feedstuffs a deficiency is unlikely.
However supplementation could be considered in cattle on silage rations & if the calcium level in the diet is high. Slide24
Focus On Important Issues … But the Sky Probably Not Falling
In the Cow – Calf herd, reproduction is the most important production management issue.
While breeding soundness in not all nutrition, the body condition score (BCS), which is related to nutrition, plays a massive role in the fertility of cows, but BCS has virtually nothing to do with mineral nutrition.
BCS is simply related to ration energy intake.
Minerals have been associated with reproductive function such as open cows; cystic ovaries; retained placentas; misshapen ovaries; poor fertilization of eggs; erratic, weak, silent or no heat cycles, delayed conceptions, abortions, & poor quality semen. Slide25
Mineral InteractionsSlide26
Mineral Availability …
Sulfate forms are “Indexed as 100% Bioavailability”
Chelates are + 100% index bioavailability
Oxides have the lowest bioavailability
Differences are important but frequently over sold.
All mineral forms, other than Cu & Fe can be used by adjusting the amount add in the supplement.
Cattle are rarely deficient in Fe & excessive amounts adversely affect the immune system.
In fact, excessive amounts of any mineral should be considered immune suppressive. Slide27
Feed Additives … (all added on “air dry basis” ADB & No ELDU)
MGA
estrus control
ADG + 10 %
FE – 5 to 6 %
+/- Carcass QualityRumensin intake controlADG +/- 0 %
FE – 7 to 10 %
(roughage)
+/- Carcass QualityBovatec
ADG +6 to 7 %
FE – 7 to 10 %
CTC & Aureo-S-700 -
sickness
ADG +20 %, FE – 15 %
… all short term (28 days)
Decrease sickness 10 to 35
Can feed 10mg/lb/d – 5 days
WD = 10 days
Tylan / OTC -
Liver abscess
A+ livers:
ADG - 3 to 5 %,
FE - 7 %Slide28
AMDUCA’ Scope
ELDU permitted only when animal’s health is threatened or animal is suffering … Therapeutic only.
ELDU is not allowed for production
Implants … reproductive … etc.
ELDU is not allowed for feed additivesSlide29
Acidosis
Biochemical & physiological stresses caused by rapid & excessive production & absorption of organic acids & endotoxins when an animal over consumes a meal of readily fermentable carbohydrates, usually grains.
The severity of the acidosis insult determines the symptoms observed … subacute
(ph <5.6)
to acute
(ph <5.0)Slide30
Acidosis Factors
Grain Source & Processing
Rate & extent of ruminal digestion
Roughage Source & Processing
Additives (ionophore, buffer, etc)
Rat Step Up ManagementSudden Intake ChangeEnvironmental ChangeSlide31
Grain & Processing Ranked by Ruminal Starch Digestion
Fast
Wheat
Barley
High Moisture Corn (ground)Steam Flaked Corn & High Moisture Corn (whole)Dry Rolled Corn – Steam Flaked Grain Sorghum
Dry Whole Corn
Dry Rolled Grain Sorghum
SlowSlide32
Typical pH – Feed ResponseSlide33
Acidosis Symptoms
Acute
Visible
Diet Transition
Intake Regulation
Forage = fillGrain = chem mechSDS, PEM, Liv Abs
Wall damage
Reduce absorb
Reduce gain & FE
Founder
(previous >45)
Subacute
Difficult to observe
Reduced intake
Pen conditions
Individual reduction masked by pen average
Erratic feed intake patterns
Intake
pHSlide34
Subclinical AcidosisSlide35
Acidosis Control
pH
intake
All cattle affected
Bunk consistencyMultiple deliveriesProper processingRoughage (3-10%)
Grain adaptation (14-28D)
Don’t change two things at once
Bunk mgnt flex
Ionophore
Monitor records
Consistency
HabitSlide36
Water …
The most important nutrient
… right?
Know what other nutrients are in the water … SO4
Requirement … 8 to 10 % BW
1000 critter needs + 10 gallons a dayUNLESS … its hot Heat (>82
º F) … double water need
Hide color affects water needs in the heat
RESERVE CAPACITY IS EVERYTHING
Days water needs in 2 hrs when it is hot
Measure when system is stressed (2 hrs post feeding)Slide37
The Ear Is A Busy PlaceSlide38
Buller Syndrome … an enigma
*PHYTOESTROGEN
(Plant ESTROGEN)
Also molds … including bunk molds
Not associated with DOF
Weather (Hot & Dry) … yes, butBunk Management … yes, butAssociation with Implants “burst”
Peak release following implanting
Implant location (middle 1/3) … maybe
Crushed pellets … I doubt it.Slide39
Sick signs
Depression
Appetite / Fill: shape & texture
Loose feces
Respiration / Cough / Rate
Rectal Temperature ???Don’t let a thermometer do your thinking’Slide40
How Sick Cattle Eat
Pull any new calf that is slow to come to the bunk
Look for sick cattle shortly after putting out feed.Slide41
Sick: Intake vs. TempSlide42
Feeding Sick Calves
Get a good nutritionist
High quality feedstuffs
Formulate for low intakes
Bunk management
Intake is everythingSlide43
Rat Balancing … Pearson Square
Nutrient
(Protein)
38
Tot Parts
Ingred 1
Anal (SBM)
48 % Protein
4 parts
SBM
10.5%
Desired Analysis
14 % Protein
Ingred 2
Anal (Corn)
10 % Protein
34 parts
Corn
89.5%Slide44
Problem … Sick Weaned Feeder
600 lb … Intake ~ 1.1 % BW (DMB)
… intake = 6.6 lbs DM
Protein Requirement = 1.9 lbs CP
Receiving Ration = 13.2% CP
… 600 x 2.5% BW = 15 lb x 13.2% = 2 lb CPSoy Bean Meal (SBM) = 48%How much SBM must be added to meet the sick calf’s requirements?Slide45
Answer … Sick Weaned Feeder
Intake 6.6 lbs (DM) … Needs 1.9 lb CP
1.9 / 6.6 = 28.8 % CP
R-Rat = 13.2 CP – 28.8 = 15.6 parts SBM
SBM = 48.0 CP – 28.8 = 19.2 parts R-Rat
Total … 34.8 partsR-Rat = 55.2 % , SBM = 44.8 %Slide46Slide47
Implants … & humans
Lets look at sources of estrogens …Slide48
Implants … & humans
Lets look at sources of estrogens …Slide49
Implants … & humans
Lets look at sources of estrogens …
No
Withdrawal Time
RequiredSlide50
ImplantsSlide51
Implants & GrowthSlide52
Implant Strategies
Start LOW => Finish HIGH
Attempt to have implant run out as feeder walks into packing plant
“Stacking” is not good
…
(What is “stacking”?Re-implant during “Pay-Out Window”Must be eating
…
implants require fuel
Effects on tenderness …
YES (says CSU Research)
Effects on Reproduction … YES !!!Slide53
Buller Syndrome … an enigma
*PHYTOESTROGEN
(Plant ESTROGEN)
Also molds … including bunk molds
Not associated with DOF
Weather (Hot & Dry) … yes, butBunk Management … yes, butAssociation with Implants “burst”
Peak release following implanting
Implant location (middle 1/3) … maybe
Crushed pellets … I doubt it.