Traditional Culture CHEN Jia School of Philosophy Sept 25 2018 Music the Rites Embedded in Music I The Origin II The System of Rites and Music III The Culture of Rites and Music ID: 815167
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Slide1
PHIL110045 Artistic Charms of Chinese Traditional Culture
CHEN, Jia
School of Philosophy
Sept. 25, 2018
Slide2Music: the Rites Embedded in MusicI. The Origin II. The System of Rites and Music
III. The Culture of Rites and Music
Slide3Chronological DevelopmentXia Dynasty (2070—1600 BC)—the first slave-owner’s state in Chinese historyShang
Dynasty(1600-1100 BC)—the first era with reliable historical account
Western Zhou
(1046-771 BC) —rule by virtue and the system of ritual and music education
The Spring and Fall Period
(770-477 BC)
The Warring States
(476-221 BC)
Slide4I. The Origin of Music1.Unearthed ancient musical instruments Bone flutes (the earliest music instruments)
Pottery
Xun
Stone Qing
Turtle bell
Pottery horn
Drum and Nao (percussion)
Slide5Jiahu Bone Flute of Wuyang 贾湖骨笛(Henan Province, 8700 years of history)
Slide6Pottery Xun(陶埙）
Slide7BoneWhistle
Slide8Pottery Xun and bone whistles: unearthed in Hemudu site, Zhejiang Province, in 1973, about 7000 years of historyEgg-shaped or olive-shaped, holed wind instrument
Acoustic holes: means this was already an advanced instrument of melody, made according to certain musical scale or
mode
Slide9Pottery drum（2500BC, excavated in Taosi Village, Shanxi)
Slide10Stone Qing 石磬（2500BC, Shanxi)
Slide11Pictograph: “music” depicts the image of stringed instruments placed on a wooden stand.C1: Added “a tuning instrument”AH: music referring to all five tones and eight instruments
Slide12Guqin (the Chinese Zither)
Slide132. “music of ancestors”Lv’s Commentaries of History —rich and systematic records on “music of ancestors”, describing intended educational activities of rites and music
(song, dance)
Yellow Emperor
—
Cloud Gate
,
Large Clouds Roll
Zhuanxu
—
Continuing Clouds
Emperor Yao
—
Grand Xian
Emperor Shun
—
Grand Shao
Emperor Yu
—
Grand Xia
Slide14The content of music (including the rites) was centered on the praise for kingship and ruling achievement, for example, regulating watercourse.The slave-owner class started to undertake conscious education by establishing schools.
Xia Dynasty: Xiao (teaching)
Shang Dynasty: Xu (archery)
Zhou Dynasty: Xiang (cultivation)
Slide15Main aim of music education: to educate the upper class for ritual and performative skills as well as military educationMusic, in the form of poetry, song and dance,
was closely linked to
the ritual performances.
Slide16II. The system of rites and music
Slide17Western Zhou Dynasty (1046-771 BC)Duke Dan of Zhou: established a set of institutions that systematized and integrated the existing rites and music A political system based on a patriarchal society was established, including four methods :
Slide18Ancient writing of “rites”(li礼)
Slide19Li Zehou, The Chinese Aesthetic Tradition
“‘Rites’ was a general term that encompassed rituals governing everything from the sacrificial system to military and political affairs to everyday life……Fundamentally, then, the rites were a coercive set of demands, restrictions, and rules imposed on the individual’s external conduct, actions, and demeanor. ”
(p.11)
Slide20(1)Moral norms for rulers’ behavior in political occasions such as ceremonies, expeditionsEthical codes for ordinary peoples’ daily life in the patriarchal society People in each class has his/her own position
Slide21(2) Educational SubjectsRites and Music are the first two subjects in Six Arts—the other four are: archery, charioteering, literature, arithmetic
Music education includes:
Musical virtue—education for etiquette and morals
Musical vocabulary—education for poetry and recital
Musical dance—praise for ancestors
Slide22The Spring and Fall Period: 770-477 BCOn the one hand, a further development of the ritual and music institution had prepared for the cultural prosperity of “hundred of intellectual schools.”On the other, this period is an age of radical social changes and marks an essential milestone in the development of music education in Pre-Qin period.
Slide23The Warring States Period (476-221 BC) Weakening in royal power—results in a collapse of the system of rites and music
The main theme for intellectual debates—how to restore the national order and rebuild social norms; what is the role of ritual and music; is there a mandate of heaven, etc.
Slide24Chime Bells of Marquis Su of Jin晋侯稣钟 (Western Zhou Dynasty )http://tv.cctv.com/2017/12/10/VIDEenUvkd7Wfrf78SCUkF4x171210.shtml
Slide25Chime-bells from the Tomb of Marquis Yi of the Zeng State 曾侯乙编钟(Early Warring States, Hubei)
Slide26III. The Culture of Rites and Music: Confucius’ Contribution
Slide271. A revival of the humanistic spiritAn underlying agenda for Confucius’s learning ritual and music was to look to the spirit and personality of ancient ancestors in the Western Zhou Dynasty, the age of prosperity.
Recover from the dark age of “collapsed ritual order and filthy music” and restore the harmonious social
system
Confucius inherited, preserved, and interpreted this historical tradition of
rites and music.
Slide28“Confucius said of the Ji family, ‘They use eight rows of eight dancers each to perform in their courtyard. If this can be tolerated, what cannot be tolerated?’” (Analects 3.1)
Emperor: eight rows of eight dancers
Feudal Princes: six rows of eight dancers
Da fu (a senior official): four rows of eight dancers
—
Ji family should use
Slide29Rites—a practical embodiment of the principle of reasonableness; plays a structural function of integrating politics, culture, ethics, aesthetics and social norms. Music—clear awareness of the role of music education centered on the idea of harmony
Slide302.Harmony: Three LevelsConfucius developed the notion of “harmony” as the essential character of music. Three levels of “Music Entails Harmony
”:
1
st
Level: Cosmological Ground of Musical Structure
“Music is (an echo of) the harmony between heaven and earth.”
(
Liji
, Book of Rites
)
Slide31Harmony of music is a manifestation of the cosmic order of nature since they had a similar structure of the integration of various elements.The primary function of music was facilitating the communication between nature, or heaven and human being.
Slide32“These ancient organized, communal cultural activities have embodied the earliest form of the intermingling and interpenetration of the individual emotion as well as sensuous form on the one hand with the collective and order in human action on the other.” (Li Zehou, The Chinese Aesthetic Tradition
,
4-7).
Slide332nd Level: Social/political implication
Confucius
offered a principle of this
social harmony
which is depended on cooperation and coordination among different members.
“Exemplary people seek harmony not
sameness; petty people, then, are the opposite.”
(
The
Analects
,
13.23)
Slide34An Important Difference between Rites and Music. As a social norm demanded from an external stronger power, rites often enforce coerciveness. The result brings a tension between the necessity of obeying rules on the one hand, and on the other, the natural individual existence as a feeling, embodied being.
It also results a disadvantage of amplifying the tension between different social groups.
Slide35Contrastingly, music united different social groups as a harmonizing agent, instead of separating them from each other. The pre-Qin early Confucianism finds the solution in music of communicating between communal reason and individual sensibility.
Slide36The 3rd level: moral level
A perfection of personhood that requires the unity of aesthetic beauty and moral goodness
Confucius
offered
his criteria for good music:
“
pleasing without being excessive”
“
mournful without being injurious
.”
Slide37Confucius’s aesthetic standard regarding musical feelings—Be moderate in expressing feelings: abstinence from giving full vent to uncontrolled emotions；Do no harm to either body or mind
A social/collective feeling: not pure rush impulsion
A balance between sense and sensibility
—ideal of music
Slide38“Let a man be first incited by the Poetry, then given a firm footing by the study of rites, and finally perfected by music. ” “兴于诗，立于礼，成于乐
”
The Analects
, 8.8
Yue Jiao (
乐教
Music Education):
Poetry education: sentiments
Rites education : behavior
Music education: excellence
Slide39Thanks
！
And to be continued…