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After the initial and severe withdrawal symptoms, there is the second phase of withdrawal After the initial and severe withdrawal symptoms, there is the second phase of withdrawal

After the initial and severe withdrawal symptoms, there is the second phase of withdrawal - PowerPoint Presentation

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After the initial and severe withdrawal symptoms, there is the second phase of withdrawal - PPT Presentation

Drug MakeUp Most Common Intake Methods Effects Duration of Effects Withdrawal Symptoms Cigarettes Tobacco nicotine Smoke ingest chew tobacco Calming soothing dizzying alertness ID: 754803

withdrawal drug symptoms alcohol drug withdrawal alcohol symptoms cocaine anxiety hours drugs irritability effects opiates effect euphoria tolerance memory

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Slide1

After the initial and severe withdrawal symptoms, there is the second phase of withdrawal that lasts for 1+ months. All second phase withdrawals include depression as a symptom.Slide2

Drug

Make-Up

Most Common Intake

Methods

Effects

Duration of Effects

Withdrawal Symptoms

Cigarettes

Tobacco;

nicotine

Smoke

; ingest (chew tobacco)

Calming, soothing, dizzying, alertness

Duration

of cigarette

3-7 days:

irritability, insomnia, headaches

PCP

Chemicals made to use paint, motor oil, and

ammonia, also contains cyanide

Insufflate;

s

moke (liquid)

Dissociation, euphoria, hallucinations

6 hours

Weeks: seizures,

irritability, hallucination,

acidosis, and muscle breakdown. Months:

memory loss

Marijuana

Cannabis

Smoke; ingest

(edibles)

Relaxation, euphoria,

impaired motor skills and

short-term memory

2-3 hours

3-7 days:

irritability, insomnia, headachesSlide3

Drug

Make-Up

Intake

Method

Effects

Duration of Effects

Withdrawal Symptoms

Methamphetamine

Ephedrine, lithium,

neurotoxins

Inject;

snort; smoke

Increased sexual desire, euphoria, energy

2-6 hours

1

st

day: vomiting, severe flu-like symptoms

3-4 weeks: inactivity, sleepiness, anxiety

LSD

fungus

Orally (blotter paper, sugar cube)

Hallucination,

synesthesia, anxiety, paranoia

6-8 hours

N/A

Alcohol

Ethanol

Ingest

Drowsy, calms, disinhibits. Impairs coordination, reasoning, speech, reaction time

1+

hours after drinking

Few

days to few weeks: tremors, seizures, hallucination, irritabilitySlide4

Drug

Make-Up

Intake

Method

Effects

Duration of Effects

Withdrawal Symptoms

MDMA (Ecstasy/E/Molly)

Safrole

or camphor oil

(

both c

arcinogens)

Ingest;

snort

Sense

of intimacy and euphoria, reduces anxiety, distorts perception

3-6 hours

1-3 Days:

panic attacks, insomnia, anxiety, depression, irritability, psychosis, paranoid delusions

Cocaine

Coca

Insufflate; smoke

(crack);

inject

euphoria,

alertness, restlessness

,

a

nxiety, paranoia,

tremors

High:

7 seconds

Weeks: irritability, restlessness,

anhedonia,

vivid and unpleasant dreams

Heroin

Opium

Inject; smoke; insufflate;

suppository

Euphoria,

calm, alternately alert and drowsy

2-8 hours

anxiety,

insomnia,

severe flu-like symptoms, vomiting, spasms, and

potentially deathSlide5

DrugsSlide6

Our brain is protected by a layer of capillaries called the

blood-brain barrier

.

The drugs that are small enough to pass through are called psychoactive drugs.Slide7

The faster a drug gets to the brain, the more addicting it is.

Smoking

is faster than insufflation, injecting, ingesting, and rectal admin.Slide8

Opiates

Has depressive and hallucinogenic qualities.

Agonist for endorphins.

Derived from poppy plant.

Morphine, heroin, methadone and codeine.

All these drugs cross the placental barrier….

teratogens

.Slide9

Agonists vs. Antagonists

Agonist-a chemical that

fully activates the neuronal receptor that it attaches

to

to

produce a biological response

Cocaine

Antagonist-a chemical that attaches to a receptor but does not activate it

and blocks, or reverses, an agonistAgonist-Antagonist-Does both. OpiatesSlide10

Drugs are….

Agonists:

Mimic

Reuptake inhibitors

Antagonist

s

:

Blocks

Reuptake inhibitors

Agonist-Antagonists

:

Does Both

Opioids like

Suboxone

(synthetic opiates that are used to help heroin addicts wean off)Slide11

Agonists

Acetylcholine-Excitatory-Nicotine and black widow venom

Dopamine-Inhibitory-Cocaine and nicotine

Endorphins-Inhibitory-Opiates

GABA-Inhibitory-Valium, barbiturates, and sleeping pills

Glutamate-Antihistamines

Serotonin-Inhibitory-LSD and ecstasy

Norepinephrine-Excitatory-Caffeine, cocaine, and amphetaminesSlide12

Antagonists

Acetylcholine-Pesticides and nerve gas

Dopamine-Haloperidol (used to treat cocaine or meth overdose), Antipsychotics (e.g., Seroquel), anti-anxiety and antidepressants.

Endorphins-Naloxone (used to treat overdose from opiates)

GABA-Antihistamines and drugs used to treat depressant overdose

Glutamate-Alcohol

Serotonin-SSRIs (e.g., sertraline, fluoxetine), antipsychotics, anti-anxiety

and

antidepressants

.

Norepinephrine-Lithium and other mood-stabilizers, antidepressants (e.g., Mirtazapine Slide13

Drug Tolerance

Tolerance

Decrease in effect of a drug with repeated use

R

eduction

, or

neuroadaptation

, in the body’s response to a drug

After repeated

exposure, more

drug is needed

to produce

same effect

Drug dose

Drug

effect

Response to

first exposureSlide14

Physical & Psychological Dependence

Physical Dependence

:

Addiction based on drug tolerance and withdrawal symptoms,

develops when changes in brain chemistry from taking the drug necessitate taking the drug again to prevent withdrawal symptoms

.

Drug Tolerance: Reduction in body’s response to a drug

Withdrawal

Symptoms: Physical illness following withdrawal of the drug

Psychological Dependence:

Drug dependence based on

psychological or emotional needs;

develops when the person has an intense desire to achieve the drugged state in spite of adverse effects

.Slide15

Caffeine

Causes

hand tremors, sweating, talkativeness, tinnitus, suppresses fatigue

or sleepiness, increases alertness

Increases risk of breast

cysts, bladder cancer, heart problems, and high blood pressure.

In pregnant women, increases risk

of having a child with birth defects or having a miscarriage.

Withdrawal

: Insomnia, irritability, loss of appetite, chills, racing heart, elevated body temperature Slide16

Opiates

Heroin and

morphine

Oxycodone and hydrocodone

Addition comes fast and the withdrawal

symptoms can be fatalSlide17

Stimulants

Speed up body processes.

More powerful ones (like cocaine) give people feelings of invincibility.Slide18

Depressants

Tranquilizers/Benzodiazepines

: Lower anxiety &

tension; sedates; prolonged or excessive use impairs memory

Valium (Diazepam), Xanax (Alprazolam), Halcion (

Triazolam

),

Klonopin

(Clonazepam)

GHB

:

depressant that relaxes and sedates; combination of degreasing solvent and drain

cleaner

Alcohol

:

NOT a stimulant but

DOES lower inhibitions

Depressant-impacts glutamate, serotonin and dopamine

Binge Drinking: Five or more drinks in a short time; Serious sign of alcohol abuseSlide19

Health Risks of Using Marijuana:

Causes precancerous changes in lung cells.

Suppresses immune system, perhaps increasing risk of disease.

Activity levels in the cerebellum are lower than normal in pot users.

C

an damage some of the brain’s memory centers.

Temporarily lowers sperm count

Hallucinogens

Psychedelics

Causes changes in perceptions of reality

LSD, peyote, psilocybin mushrooms and marijuana.

Reverse tolerance

or synergistic effectSlide20

Hallucinogens

Psychedelics

Causes changes in perceptions of reality

LSD, peyote, psilocybin mushrooms and marijuana.

Reverse tolerance

or synergistic effect

Health Risks of Using Marijuana:

Causes precancerous changes in lung cells.

Suppresses immune system, perhaps increasing risk of disease.

Activity levels in the cerebellum are lower than normal in pot users.

Pot may damage some of the brain’s memory centers.

Temporarily lowers sperm countSlide21

Dawn Farm Education Series Oct 25, 2007

21

Fetal

Alcohol

SyndromeSlide22

Alcohol

More than 86 billion dollars are spent annually on alcoholic beverages.

Alcohol is involved in

60%

of ALL crimes.

Alcohol is involved in over 70% of sexually related crimes.

DepressantsSlide23

Some Health Risks of Using Marijuana

Causes precancerous changes in lung cells.

Suppresses

immune system, perhaps increasing risk of disease.

Activity levels in the cerebellum are lower than normal in pot users.

Pot may damage some of the brain’s memory centers.

Temporarily lowers sperm countSlide24

Cocaine

Cocaine achieves its effect through the chemical

messengers

d

opamine

and noradrenaline

.

Processed into crack—less pure “cut” or “stepped on”Slide25

MethSlide26

Treatment for Alcohol Abuse and Dependence

Detoxification

:

Withdrawal of the person from alcohol; occurs in a medical setting and is tightly controlled; often necessary before long-term treatment begins

Alcoholics

Anonymous

(AA): Worldwide self-help organization composed of recovering alcoholics; emphasizes admitting powerlessness over alcohol usage and wanting to recover

.

Narcotics

Anonymous

(NA

): Worldwide self-help organization composed of recovering

drug addicts;

emphasizes admitting powerlessness over

drugs

usage and wanting to recover.