interventions to prevent trespass and vandalism Lessons learned from the RESTRAIL and GRAFFOLUTION research projects Grigore M Havârneanu PhD Research Advisor Security Division José Pires ID: 426186
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Slide1
Behavioural
interventions to prevent trespass and vandalism: Lessons learned from the RESTRAIL and GRAFFOLUTION research projectsGrigore M. Havârneanu, PhD (Research Advisor – Security Division)José Pires (Senior Security Advisor)
The
Fifth
International Rail
Human
Factors
Conference
London, 15/09/2015Slide2
Accidents to persons
Source: European Railway Agency (ERA, 2014)Trespassing accidents= 61% of all accidents to persons= 18% of all the fatalities within the railway system2The 5th International Rail Human Factors Conference – London, 15/09/2015Slide3
Consequences for the railway industryAverage shut-down time: 120-240 minutes
Average direct costs incurred by IMs: € 50,000 – 100,000Average direct costs incurred by RUs: € 25,000 – 75,0003The 5th International Rail Human Factors Conference – London, 15/09/2015Slide4
What is trespass?Unauthorised (illegal) presence on the railway property (tracks, stations, trains...) & no injury intent
Crossing the tracks in illegal places (Silla & Luoma, 2009)Walking along the tracks (Lobb et al., 2001)Loitering close to the tracks (Savage, 2007)Lying or sitting on tracks (Pelletier, 1997)Not all trespassing behaviours (unsafe, violation, risk) result in accidents (death or injury)4The 5th International Rail Human Factors Conference – London, 15/09/2015Slide5
Why? ConvenienceShortcut (time saving, most attractive route)
(e.g. Lobb et al., 2001; Robinson, 2003; RSSB, 2011; Silla & Luoma, 2009)5The 5th International Rail Human Factors Conference – London, 15/09/2015Slide6
Why? Unconsidered risks
Children and teenagers (playing, socialising, hanging around)6The 5th International Rail Human Factors Conference – London, 15/09/2015Slide7
Why? Underestimated risksThrill-seeking
(Lerer & Matzopoulos, 1996; Witte & Donohue, 2000) (e.g. “train surfing”)Homeless people looking for shelter7The 5th International Rail Human Factors Conference – London, 15/09/2015Slide8
Why? LeisureRecreational & artistic
purposes (taking a walk, taking photos)8The 5th International Rail Human Factors Conference – London, 15/09/2015Slide9
Why? Escape from controlled areasMigrants
9The 5th International Rail Human Factors Conference – London, 15/09/2015Slide10
Why? Negative will (1)Fraud, fare-dodging
Metal theft10The 5th International Rail Human Factors Conference – London, 15/09/2015Slide11
Why? Negative will (2)Vandalism, graffiti
(Offler et al., 2009; Thompson et al., 2012)11The 5th International Rail Human Factors Conference – London, 15/09/2015Slide12
Groundworkwww.restrail.eu
REduction of Suicides and Trespasses on RAILway property01/10/2011 – 30/09/2014UIC: coordinator17 partnerswww.project.graffolution.eu Reducing graffiti vandalism in public areas and transportation networks01/03/2014 – 29/02/2016UIC: railway representative8 partners12The 5th International Rail Human Factors Conference – London, 15/09/2015Slide13
Research questionsWhat behavioural measures are available to prevent railway trespass and vandalism?What is the evidence for their effectiveness?
MethodSystematic reviews (e.g. Havârneanu et al., 2015; Willcocks et al., 2014)Collection of prevention practices from the RUs through surveys and workshops (e.g. Ryan et al., 2013; Clavell et al. 2014)13The 5th International Rail Human Factors Conference – London, 15/09/2015Slide14
Results (main categories of measures)
CollaborationEducationEnforcementEducation in schools
Warning and prohibitive signs
Collaboration between institutions
Education
outside schools
Improved enforcement
Community
partnership
Broader public awareness
Staff training
Learning from
research
and best practice
Intelligent
surveillance
14
The 5th International Rail Human Factors Conference – London, 15/09/2015Slide15
Example 1: Improved enforcement
Recommended against trespassRecommended against graffiti vandalismSECURITY PATROLSPatrolling during peak periodsRSSB (2002) Offler et al. (2009)
Ability to detect and prosecute
C.A.R.E. (2006);
Lobb
(2006)
Offler
et al. (2009); Thompson et al. (2012)
Legislative efforts
Security patrols able to fine
–
DaSilva
& Carroll (2011)
Regulating the sale of graffiti materials, creating legal alternatives
–
Clavell
et al. (2014)
Visibility
Visible clothes
– RSSB (2006)
Plain clothes
(- 40% incidents)
–
Thompson et al. (2012)
Reinforcing legal
behaviours
Intermittent
rewards
(significant reduction) –
Lobb
et al. (2003)
Free
walls projects
–
Clavell
et al. (2014)
15
The 5th International Rail Human Factors Conference – London, 15/09/2015Slide16
Example 2: Staff training
Recommended against trespassRecommended against graffiti vandalismSTAFF TRAININGGeneral training for railway staff to increase awareness, identify and report signs of trespass
Cohen et
al. (2003), RAIB (2011),
Wasnik
(2010),
RSSB (2005
)
Increased presence of
staff
on trains and training of staff for “
railwatch
” against vandals
Offler
et al. (2009); Thompson et al. (2012)
16
The 5th International Rail Human Factors Conference – London, 15/09/2015Slide17
Example 3: Collaborative measures: engagement
Subway Surfers game appIllegal graffiti + running along the tracks + train surfing17The 5th International Rail Human Factors Conference – London, 15/09/2015Slide18
Conclusions (theory & research)Common categories of measures to reduce both trespass and graffiti vandalismVery few evidence-based recommendations!
Most measures are actually interdependent and are likely to work in combinationSupport for the BTP “route crime” conceptSupport for the UIC comprehensive railway protection approach (safety + security)18The 5th International Rail Human Factors Conference – London, 15/09/2015Slide19
Conclusions (prevention practice)Considering the interactions between the two phenomena and influences on one another“feeling of security” and “acceptance threshold”
E.g. Graffiti in an underpass -> perceived insecurity -> illegal track crossing ?19The 5th International Rail Human Factors Conference – London, 15/09/2015Slide20
Contact: havarneanu@uic.org
Thank you for your kind attention!20The 5th International Rail Human Factors Conference – London, 15/09/2015