Chapter 10 Nationalism In Europe - PowerPoint Presentation

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Chapter 10

Nationalism In Europe

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Section 1

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Focus Question

What was the Impact of the second phase of Industrial Revolution?

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What do you know about Germany in 1800

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Taking Initial Steps Towards Unity

Between 1806 and 1812 Napoleon made territorial changes in German speaking states

Claimed new land for France

Dissolved the Holy Roman Empire

Formed the Rhine Confederation

Napoleon wanted to

End serfdom

Abolish laws against Jews

Make trade easier

Not everyone liked Napoleon and it was dividing the German States

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Economic Changes Promote Unity

Prussia Creates an economic union called Zollverein

Dismantled tariff barriers

Still the German states were divided

Liberals wanted to unite the German states

Offered the throne to Prussia

Prussia rejected

The Germanic states remain divided

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Bismarck Unites Germany

From Prussia

Member of the Junker Class

Conservative

Landowning

Became the Chancellor

Highest official of a Monarch

Used his policy of “blood and Iron” to unite the German states under Prussian Rule

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Bismarck

Master of Realpolitik

Power was more important than principles

Primary loyalty was to the Hohenzollerns

Ruling dynasty of Prussia

Through unification he hoped to bring the family more power

Becomes the Prime Minister of Prussia

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Bismarck

Wanted to strengthen the army

Legislature wouldn’t pay for the army

Strengthened the army with other money

Perused an aggressive foreign policy

Bismarck led Prussia into 3 wars over the next decade

Each war increase Prussia’s power, prestige, and paved the way for German unity.

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Focus Question

Who were the

Hohenzollerns?

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Prussia Wages War

Austria and Prussia form and alliance

Attack Denmark and divide up the conquered land

Bismarck wants all the land

Prussia attacks Austria

Austro-Prussian War

Lasted 7 weeks

Gained lands

Bismarck dissolved the Austrian led German Confederation

Creates a new confederation dominated by Prussia

Bismarck's motives were practical

Doesn't want to go into full war with Austria yet

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France Declares War on Prussia

Prussia was angering Napoleon III

Led to the Franco-Prussian War

Bismarck wrote the king letters and Newspaper articles taunting France

France Declares war on Prussia

Bismarck and his German allies destroy the French army in a matter of weeks and force them to surrender

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German Empire is Born

The German states forms the 2nd Reich (empire)Bismarck set up a 2 house legislatureLower and an Upper classBismarck has ultimate power in the region

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Section 2

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Focus Question

How would the outcome of the Unification of Germany been different if Bismarck was more like Napoleon Bonaparte militarily?

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Change in Europe

French domination ended with the Franco-Prussian war

Germany was now the dominant power of Europe

Germany emerges as a power nation

The Germanic States are now the one nation of Germany

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Germany becomes a Giant

Post unification Germany became a power nation

Electrical, chemical, shipping

Germanys industry

Iron, coal, and money allowed them to industrialize

Had a disciplined and educated workforce

Growing population

Germany was building new buildings and railroads

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Scientific and Economic Development

World producer of chemicals

Opened universities

Men and women

Government promoted economic development

Developed roads, bridges, and buildings

Issued national currency

Opened a banking system

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Iron Chancellor

Bismarck was known as the iron chancellorForeign policy Wanted to keep France week Build alliances with Austria and RussiaStayed away from BritainStrongest navy in the worldDomestic PolicyTargeted the Catholics and the socialists

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Campaigns

Church

1/3 population was catholic

Didn’t trust them

Loyalty was to the pope first not the state

Launched

Kulturkamph

States supervised the church, expelled the Jew and Jesuits

Move backfires

Socialists

Enacted laws that dissolved the socialist groups and banned their meetings

Move backfires

Tries to regain peoples trust

Gives the workers healthcare and retirement funds

Socialism doesn't die out

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Kaiser William II

1888 Wilhiam II becomes KaiserAsks Bismarck to resignWilliam II thought he was the only one in chargeDidn’t like BismarckWilhiam doesn’t provided a lot of social welfare Expanded the Army and NavyWanted to compete with BritainHis nationalism and aggressive military stance increased tension on the eve of WWI

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Focus Question

Why did Otto von Bismarck try to kick out all the Catholics and Jews from the newly formed nation of Germany?

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Section 3Unifying Italy

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Focus Question

What was Bismarck’s one critical mistake he made as Chancellor? How could he have avoided the mistakes he made and remained Chancellor of Germany?

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Unification

Italy had not been unified since the Roman Empire

Each region of Italy considered themselves their own nation

Napoleon Sparked Dreams of National unity when he invaded the nation

Several nations each owned a piece of Italy

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Mazzini And Young Italy

In 1830 Mazzini established young ItalyWas a secret societyGoals was to constitute Italy one free independent Republican NationNationalism begins to spreadA united Italy made senseGeographically Common languageHistoricallyEconomicallyEnd trade barriersCulturally Protection wise

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The Struggle for Italy

Nationalism Spreads throughout Italy and its territories

Camillo

Cavour becomes Prime Minister of Sardinia and its lands

Compared to Bismarck

Harsh and tough ruler

Cavour short term goals:

Improve agriculture

Build railroads

Encourage commerce by supporting free trade

Long term goal:

End Austrian power in Italy and Annex the

proviences

of Lombardy and Venetia

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Italy Unites

Sardinia and Cavour became allies with FranceFrance agreed to back Sardinia in a war against AustriaCavour provokes warSardinia kicks out the AustriansOther nationalists forces kicks out Austrian forces in the NorthThe two SiciliesLed by GaribaldiMarched his troops the “red shirts” southKicked out opposing forcesThe two Sicilies and Sardinia united as oneElected Emmanuel II as the King of ItalyRome and Venetia was still outside Italy's controlIn 1861 Italy finally becomes a unified Nation

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Challenges

Bismarck and Germany

Lack of Ties

Nobody felt tied to Italy

Regional rivalries

Between the North and South

North was rich and had cities

South was poor, illiterate, and farmland

Between the Catholic Church and Italy

Popes resented the unification and take over of Rome

Established the Vatican City

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Italy

Becomes a constitutional monarchy

2 house legislative

Anarchists

Tried to overthrown the government

Italy develops

Urbanization

People moved to the cities

People worked in factories

Urbanization caused tension for the upper classes

Many emigrated

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Chapter 10Section 4

Nationalism Threatens Old Empires

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Focus Question

How did Bismarck and Napoleon play an effect on the unification and industrialization of Italy?

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Austria

Napoleon dissolved the Holy Roman Empire

Hapsburgs Ruled Austria

Parts of: Romania, Poland, Ukraine, Northern Italy

Austria industrializes in the 1840’s

Found themselves faced with the problems of Industrialization

Living conditions

Factory workers

Working conditions

Health care/sanitation

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The Hapsburg Empire

Hapsburg ruled a multinational empire

50 million people in the empire

Less than ¼ were Germanic

Many were Polish, Italian, Hungarian, and Czech

Because of a multiethnic nation fighting broke out in the Austrian Empire

The emperor put down the revolt

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The Hapsburg Chin

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Austria

Francis Joseph became the king

Realized the country was declining and needed change

Granted a new constitution

New legislative

New foreign and domestic policies

Favored only the Germanic people

Outraged the other ¾ population of the region

Especially the Hungarians

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Dual Monarchy

1866 Austria looses a war to Prussia

New Political union was made known as

Austria-Hungary

Austria and Hungary were separate states

Each had their own constitution and parliament

The states shared an emperor, defense, ministers of finance, and foreign affairs

All other aspects they were different from one another

People who resented the union

Czech,

& Bohemians

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Ottoman Empire Collapses

Ottomans ruled a multinational empire

Balkan Nationalism Erupts

Serbia wins autonomy

Greece wins independence

Bulgarians and Romanians also revolted against the Ottomans

Ultimately unsuccessful

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Edge of War

The ottoman Empire becomes divided

Known as the sick man of Europe

Britain, France, Austria, Russia, and Bosnia all set their sights on land in the Ottoman

War in the Balkans

France, Britain, Russia, Bosnia, and Austria all fight wars against

the ottomans

in the hopes of gaining land

Germany supported the Ottomans

Became known as the Balkan powder keg

Explosion came in 1914 which set

off

WWI

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Section 5

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Focus Question

Why was the Balkan Peninsula known as the powder keg?

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Conditions of Russia

Russia was the largest nation in Europe by 1815

Part of the land was in Europe and Part was in Asia

Known as Eurasia

Russia had plentiful resources

Disliked by the west

Social Structure

Dominated by the landowning nobles

Majority of the population was Serfs

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Emancipation and Revolution

Tsars ruled with absolute power

Nationalism had little influence in Russia

Feared loosing nobles support

Alexander II took the throne in 1855 during the Crimean War

Russia goes to war with the Ottomans

Defeated

British and French

Lack of Infrastructure

Russia is declining and becoming weak

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Freeing the Serfs

Liberals wanted change

Radicals demanded change

Alexander II finally agrees to changes

Issues a decree of Emancipation

Brings about problems for Russia

Serfs were too poor to own land

Couldn’t feed their families

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New Reforms

Alexander II set up local governments

Elected governments called

Zemstvos

Controlled schools, agriculture, and infrastructure repairs

Military services were reduced

Better wages and benefits

Reforms failed many

Especially the poor

Radicals rallied together

Wanted justice

March 13, 1881 terrorists assassinated Alexander II

His son comes to power

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Crackdown of Russia

Alexander III takes the throne

Harsh measures are taken

Censorship is put into place

Exiles people to Siberia as punishment

Only recognized one language and one religion within Russia

The Jews

Large Jewish Population had formed when Russia took over Poland decades ago

Persecution of the Jews began under Alexander III

Official persecution

Legal for officers to beat and torture the Jews

Hundreds of thousands of Jews flee to the U.S.

Alexander dies of Kidney failure in 1894 leaving his son Nicholas II in power

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Industrialization

Russia begins to industrialize in the 1890’s under Nicholas IIEconomic developmentBuilding bridgesSocialists begin to recognize the teachings of Karl MarxFounding's of Communism Turing point in Russian HistoryBloody Sunday 1905 workers peacefully marched down the streets of St. Petersburg Voice their grievances to Nicholas IISoldiers opened fire killing hundredsKills the Faith of the peopleStarts the Russian Revolution

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