Conjugating Regular Irish erbs ART NE Present Tense o - PDF document

ARTÑ Present Tense of Second Conjugation Generally speaking, 1stsyllable. 2nd Conjugation verbshave two or more. It is importantto remember this, as it affects theway you will conjugate the verb. T 2nd Conjugation erbs have two or more syllables. If they end in igh , or aigh from the appropriate list below. If they end in il , ir , in , or is condensed, before adding the appropriate ending. See below for some examples, or consult a grammar textor verb book. A few verbs which belong in this category are: Žirigh , ceannaigh , eitil , fr .Present tense endings for 2nd Conjugation: Spell it correctly! consonants. E and I are slender vowels, and A, O, and U are broad. Remember the following phrase in order to spell your conjugated verbs correctly if they have more oad with Broad, and Slender with Slender. o be precise, the first vowel used in the second syllable must be of the same type(Broad or slender) as the last vowel used in the first syllable. We will demonstrate thisprinciple below. for example: Žirigh Žir’m, Žir’onn tœ/sŽ/s’, Žir’mid, Žir’onn sibh/siad eitil ROAD for example: ceannaigh ceanna’m, ceanna’onn tœ/sŽ/s’, ceanna’mid, ceanna’onn sibh/siad fr freagra’m, freagra’onn tœ/sŽ/s’, freagra’mid, freagra’onn sibh/siad ( Eitil and fr e also examples of syncopation . Eitil is shortened to Ò eitl ending. Fr gets shortened to Ò fr . THERNOTEWORTHYITEMSABOUTTHE Adding it before the verb causes eclipsis . or example: an ndœnann tœ? an gceanna’onn sibh? is the negative question particle in the present tense. Adding it before the verb causes eclipsis . or example: nach ndœnaim? nach gceanna’onn tœ? gative statement particle for the present tense. Adding it before the verb causes lenition . or example: n’ dhœnaim. n’ cheanna’mid. ARTÑ Past Tense of First Conjugation Generally speaking, 1stsyllable. 2nd Conjugation verbshave two or more. It is importantto remember this, as it affects theway you will conjugate the verb. T irst Conjugation ate. To form the past tense for first conjugation verbs,just follow all of the following four steps that apply to the verb you wish to conjugate, and do so in thisA. Start with the spelling of the root/command form;B. Lenite the initial consonant if lenitable;C. Add dÕ erbs starting with vowels or fh yway); D. Use the separate pronoun forms, except in the first person plural (see below). A few verbs from this category which will illustrate the above instructions are: cuir, dœn, Žist, fan. Spell it correctly! consonants. E and I are slender vowels, and A, O, and U are broad. Remember the following phrase in order to spell your conjugated verbs correctly if they have more oad with Broad, and Slender with Slender. o be precise, the first vowel used in the second syllable must be of the same type(Broad or slender) as the last vowel used in the first syllable. We will demonstrate thisprinciple below.LENDERENDING eamar (1st person plural) for example: cuir chuir mŽ/tœ/sŽ/s’, chuireamar, chuir sibh/siad Žist ADENDING amar (1st person plural) for example: dœn dhœn mŽ/tœ/sŽ/s’, dhœnamar, dhœn sibh/siad fan dÕfhan mŽ/tœ/sŽ/s’, dÕfhanamar, dÕfhan sibh/siad Other noteworthy items about the Past Tense: Ar forms the generic question form in the past tense. Note, however, that verbs starting with dÕ tense will drop this in question forms. For example: ar dhœn tœ? but ar Žist sibh?Nar gative question form in the past tense. Note, however, that verbs starting with dÕ this tense will drop this in negative question forms. For example: nar dhœn sŽ? nar Žist s’?N’or gative statement for the past tense. Note, however, that verbs starting with dÕ tense will drop this in negative statement forms. For example: n’or dhœn mŽ; n’or Žisteamar ARTÑ Past Tense of Second Conjugation Generally speaking, 1stsyllable. 2nd Conjugation verbshave two or more. It is importantto remember this, as it affects theway you will conjugate the verb. T Second Conjugation ate. To form the past tense for second conjugationerbs, just follow all of the following four steps that apply to the verb you wish to conjugate, and do so inA. Start with the spelling of the root/command form;B. Lenite the initial consonant if lenitable;C. Add dÕ erbs starting with vowels or fh yway); D. Use the separate pronoun forms, except in the first person plural (see below). A few verbs from this category which will illustrate the above instructions are: Žirigh , ceannaigh , deisigh , fr .Past tense endings for 2nd Conjugation: Spell it correctly! consonants. E and I are slender vowels, and A, O, and U are broad. Remember the following phrase in order to spell your conjugated verbs correctly if they have more oad with Broad, and Slender with Slender. o be precise, the first vowel used in the second syllable must be of the same type(Broad or slender) as the last vowel used in the first syllable. We will demonstrate thisprinciple below.LENDERENDING ’omar (1st person plural) for example: Žirigh dՎirigh mŽ/tœ/sŽ/s’, dՎir’omar, dՎirigh sibh/siad deisigh ADENDING a’omar (1st person plural) for example: ceannaigh cheannaigh mŽ/tœ/sŽ/s’, cheanna’omar, cheannaigh sibh/siad fr dÕfhreagair mŽ/tœ/sŽ/s’, dÕfhreagra’omar*, dÕfhreagair sibh/siad *demonstrates syncopation - see part two. orthy items about the Past Tense: Ar forms the generic question form in the past tense. Note, however, that verbs starting with dÕ tense will drop this in question forms. For example: ar dheisigh tœ? but ar Žirigh sibh?Nar gative question form in the past tense. Note, however, that verbs starting with dÕ this tense will drop this in negative question forms. For example: nar dheisigh sŽ? nar Žirigh s’?N’or gative statement for the past tense. Note, however, that verbs starting with dÕ tense will drop this in negative statement forms. For example: n’or dheisigh mŽ; n’or Žir’omar ARTÑ Future Tense of First Conjugation Generally speaking, 1stsyllable. 2nd Conjugation verbshave two or more. It is importantto remember this, as it affects theway you will conjugate the verb. T irst Conjugation ation verbs; with most of these, just add the appropriate ending to make the future tense. If the verb ends with gh before adding the endings. A few verbs which belong in this category are: cuir , t—g , lŽigh , glan .Future tense endings for 1st Conjugation: Spell it correctly! consonants. E and I are slender vowels, and A, O, and U are broad. Remember the following phrase in order to spell your conjugated verbs correctly if they have more oad with Broad, and Slender with Slender. o be precise, the first vowel used in the second syllable must be of the same type(Broad or slender) as the last vowel used in the first syllable. We will demonstrate thisprinciple below.LENDERENDINGS idh, fimid for example: cuir idh mŽ/tœ/sŽ/s’, cuirfimid, cuirfidh sibh/siad lŽigh idh mŽ/tœ/sŽ/s’, lŽifimid, lŽifidh sibh/siadADENDINGS faidh, faimid for example: t—g aidh mŽ/tœ/sŽ/s’, t—gfaimid, t—gfaidh sibh/siad glan aidh mŽ/tœ/sŽ/s’, glanfaimid, glanfaidh sibh/siad Other noteworthy items about the Future Tense: An Adding it before the verb causes eclipsis. or example: an ndœnfaidh tœ? an gcuirf gative question form in the future tense. Adding it before the verb causes eclipsis. or example: idh sŽ?nach gcuirfimid? gative statement for the future tense. Adding it before the verb causes lenition. or example: idh s’n’ ghlanfaidh sŽ veral 1st Conjugation verbs donÕt follow the pattern shown above for the present tense. If the verb has a long vowel (a vowela ÔfadaÕ) and ends with igh , drop igh om the spelling before adding the endings. A good example of this type of exception is lŽigh : idh = lŽifidh lŽigh + fimid = lŽifimid (lŽifidh mŽ/tœ/sŽ/s’, lŽifimid, lŽifidh sibh/siad.) sound to them without a ÔfadaÕpresent to indicate it. A few of them like this: suigh , guigh , nigh , and luigh . For these, drop the igh , then use the endings given below: First Conjugation ÒLong-I-soundÓ Endings : idh, ’fimid for example: idh = su’fidh suigh + ’fimid = su’fimid (su’fidh mŽ/tœ/sŽ/s’, su’fimid, su’fidh sibh/siad.) and: idh = n’fidh nigh + ’fimid = n’fimid (n’fidh mŽ/tœ/sŽ/s’, n’fimid, n’fidh sibh/siad.) ARTÑ Future Tense of Second Conjugation Generally speaking, 1stsyllable. 2nd Conjugation verbshave two or more. It is importantto remember this, as it affects theway you will conjugate the verb. T Second Conjugation ation verbs; if they end in igh , or aigh letters, and tack on endings from the appropriate list below. If they end in il , ir , in , or is , the second syllable is often syncopated, or condensed, before adding the appropriate ending*. A few verbs whichbelong in this category: Žirigh , ceannaigh , eitil , fr .Future tense endings for 2nd Conjugation: Spell it correctly! consonants. E and I are slender vowels, and A, O, and U are broad. Remember the following phrase in order to spell your conjugated verbs correctly if they have more oad with Broad, and Slender with Slender. o be precise, the first vowel used in the second syllable must be of the same type(Broad or slender) as the last vowel used in the first syllable. We will demonstrate thisprinciple below.LENDERENDINGS eoidh, eoimid for example: Žirigh Žireoidh mŽ/tœ/sŽ/s’, Žireoimid, Žireoidh sibh/siad eitil ADENDINGS —idh, —imid for example: ceannaigh ceann—idh mŽ/tœ/sŽ/s’, ceann—imid, ceann—idh sibh/siad fr freagr—idh mŽ/tœ/sŽ/s’, freagr—imid, freagr—idh sibh/siad Other noteworthy items about the Future Tense: An Adding it before the verb causes eclipsis. or example: an ndeiseoidh tœ? an gceann—idh sibh? gative question form in the future tense. Adding it before the verb causes eclipsis. or example: nach mbeann—idh sŽ?nach gceann—imid? N’ gative statement for the future tense. Adding it before the verb causes lenition. or example: —idh s’n’ oscl—idh sŽ ¥2nd conjugation verbs whose second syllable starts with an ÒlÓ and ends with an ÒmÓ will not syncopate prior to adding enddings. ARTÑ Imperfect Tense of First Conjugation Generally speaking, 1stsyllable. 2nd Conjugation verbshave two or more. It is importantto remember this, as it affects theway you will conjugate the verb. T First Conjugation o form the imperfect tense for first conjugation verbs, just follow all of the following steps below thatapply to the verb you wish to conjugate, and do so in this order:A. Start with the spelling of the root/command form;B. Lenite the initial consonant if lenitable;C. Add dÕ erbs starting with vowels or fh yway); D. Add the appropriate ending (see below). for example: rith rithinn, rithte‡, ritheadh sŽ/s’rithimis, ritheadh sibh, rithid’s bris ROAD for example: dœn dhœnaimis, dhœnadh sibh, dhœnaid’s fan dÕfhanainn, dÕfhant‡, dÕfhanadh sŽ/s’dÕfhanaimis, dÕfhanadh sibh, dÕfhanaid’s Other noteworthy items about the Imperfect Tense: An Adding it before the verb causes eclipsis (youmust Òun-leniteÓ the initial consonant first). or example: an mbriste‡? an ndœnadh sibh? gative question form in the imperfect tense. Adding it before the verb causes eclipsis(you must Òun-leniteÓ the initial consonant first). or example: nach mbriseadh sŽ?nach ndœnaimis? N’ gative statement for the imperfect tense. No change necessary to the verb (already lenited). or example: n’ ritheadh s’n’ dhœnt‡ Spell it correctly! consonants. E and I are slender vowels, and A, O, and U are broad. Remember the following phrase in order to spell your conjugated verbs correctly if they have more oad with Broad, and Slender with Slender. o be precise, the first vowel used in the second syllable must be of the same type(Broad or slender) as the last vowel used in the first syllable. We will demonstrate thisprinciple below. Spell it correctly! consonants. E and I are slender vowels, and A, O, and U are broad. Remember the following phrase in order to spell your conjugated verbs correctly if they have more oad with Broad, and Slender with Slender. o be precise, the first vowel used in the second syllable must be of the same type(Broad or slender) as the last vowel used in the first syllable. We will demonstrate thisprinciple below. ARTÑ Imperfect Tense of Second Conjugation Generally speaking, 1stsyllable. 2nd Conjugation verbshave two or more. It is importantto remember this, as it affects theway you will conjugate the verb. T Second Conjugation o form the imperfect tense for second conjugation verbs, just follow all of the following steps below thatapply to the verb you wish to conjugate, and do so in this order:A. Start with the spelling of the root/command form;B. Lenite the initial consonant if lenitable;C. Add dÕ erbs starting with vowels or fh yway);D. Remove any igh or aigh E. Syncopate (remove vowels from) the last syllable of non- igh/aigh erbs; Add the appropriate ending (see below). A few verbs which belong in this category: Žirigh , ceannaigh , eitil , fr LENDERENDINGS ’nn, ’te‡, ’odh, ’mis, ’d’s for example: Žirigh dՎir’nn, dՎir’te‡, dՎir’odh sŽ/s’dՎir’mis, dՎir’odh sibh, dՎir’d’s eitil ADENDINGS a’nn, a’te‡, a’odh, a’mis, a’d’s for example: ceannaigh cheanna’mis, cheanna’odh sibh, cheanna fr dÕfhreagra’mis, dÕfhreagra’odh sibh, Other noteworthy items about the Imperfect Tense: An Adding it before the verb causes eclipsis (youmust Òun-leniteÓ the initial consonant first). or example: an gceanna’te‡? an ndeis’mis? gative question form in the imperfect tense. Adding it before the verb causes eclipsis(you must Òun-leniteÓ the initial consonant first). or example: nach gceanna’odh sŽ?nach ndeis’odh sibh? N’ gative statement for the imperfect tense. No change necessary to the verb (already lenited). or example: n’ cheanna’odh s’n’ dheis’te‡ ART Generally speaking, 1stsyllable. 2nd Conjugation verbshave two or more. It is importantto remember this, as it affects theway you will conjugate the verb. ONDITIONAL First Conjugation o form the conditional mood for first conjugation verbs, just follow all of the following steps below thatapply to the verb you wish to conjugate, and do so in this order:A. Start with the spelling of the root/command form;B. Lenite the initial consonant if lenitable;C. Add dÕ erbs starting with vowels or fh yway); D. Add the appropriate ending (see below). inn, fe‡, feadh, fimis, fid’s for example: rith rithfimis, rithfeadh sibh, rithfid’s bris bhrisfimis, bhrisfeadh sibh, bhrisfid’sROADainn, f‡, fadh, faimis, faid’s for example: dœn ainn, dhœnf‡, dhœnfadh sŽ/s’dhœnfaimis, dhœnfadh sibh, dhœnfaid’s fan ainn, dÕfhanf‡, dÕfhanfadh sŽ/s’dÕfhanfaimis, dÕfhanfadh sibh, dÕfhanfaid’s Spell it correctly! consonants. E and I are slender vowels, and A, O, and U are broad. Remember the following phrase in order to spell your conjugated verbs correctly if they have more oad with Broad, and Slender with Slender. o be precise, the first vowel used in the second syllable must be of the same type(Broad or slender) as the last vowel used in the first syllable. We will demonstrate thisprinciple below. Other noteworthy items about the Conditional Mood: An Adding it before the verb causes eclipsis (youmust Òun-leniteÓ the initial consonant first). or example: an mbrisfe‡? an ndœnfadh sibh? gative question form in the conditional mood. Adding it before the verb causes eclipsis(you must Òun-leniteÓ the initial consonant first). or example: nach mbrisfeadh sŽ?nach ndœnfaim’s? N’ gative statement for the conditional mood. No change necessary to the verb (already lenited). or example: n’ rithfeadh s’n’ dhœnf‡ ART Generally speaking, 1stsyllable. 2nd Conjugation verbshave two or more. It is importantto remember this, as it affects theway you will conjugate the verb. ONDITIONAL Second Conjugation o form the conditional mood for second conjugation verbs, just follow all of the following steps below thatapply to the verb you wish to conjugate, and do so in this order:A. Start with the spelling of the root/command form;B. Lenite the initial consonant if lenitable;C. Add dÕ erbs starting with vowels or fh yway);D. Remove any igh or aigh E. Syncopate (remove vowels from) the last syllable of non- igh/aigh erbs; Add the appropriate ending (see below). A few verbs which belong in this category: Žirigh , ceannaigh , eitil , fr Conditional Mood endings for 2nd Conjugation: Spell it correctly! consonants. E and I are slender vowels, and A, O, and U are broad. Remember the following phrase in order to spell your conjugated verbs correctly if they have more oad with Broad, and Slender with Slender. o be precise, the first vowel used in the second syllable must be of the same type(Broad or slender) as the last vowel used in the first syllable. We will demonstrate thisprinciple below. LENDERENDINGS eoinn, eof‡, eodh, eoimis, eoid’s for example: Žirigh dՎireoinn, dՎireof‡, dՎireodh sŽ/s’dՎireoimis, dՎireodh sibh, dՎireoid’s eitil ADENDINGS —inn, —f‡, —dh, —imis, —id’s for example: ceannaigh cheann—inn, cheannof‡, cheann—dh sŽ/s’cheann—imis, cheann—dh sibh, cheann—id’s fr dÕfhreagr—inn, dÕfhreagr—f‡, dÕfhreagr—dh sŽ/s’dÕfhreagr—imis, dÕfhreagr—dh sibh, dÕfhreagr—id’s Other noteworthy items about the Conditional Mood: An Adding it before the verb causes eclipsis(you must Òun-leniteÓ the initial consonant first). or example: an gceann—f‡? an ndeis—imis? gative question form in the conditional mood. Adding it before the verb causes eclipsis(you must Òun-leniteÓ the initial consonant first). or example: nach gceann—dh sŽ?nach ndeis—dh sibh? N’ gative statement for the conditional mood. No change necessary to the verb (already lenited). or example: n’ cheann—dh s’n’ dheiseof‡ ARTÑ Present Tense of First Conjugation Generally speaking, 1stsyllable. 2nd Conjugation verbshave two or more. It is importantto remember this, as it affects theway you will conjugate the verb. T 1st Conjugation ation verbs have only one syllable. A few verbs which belong in this category are: rith , dœn , bris , and fan Spell it correctly! consonants. E and I are slender vowels, and A, O, and U are broad. Remember the following phrase in order to spell your conjugated verbs correctly if they have more oad with Broad, and Slender with Slender. o be precise, the first vowel used in the second syllable must be of the same type for example: rith rithim, ritheann tœ/sŽ/s’, rithimid, ritheann sibh/siad bris ROAD for example: dœn dœnaim, dœnann tœ/sŽ/s’, dœnaimid, dœnann sibh/siad fan anaim, fanann tœ/sŽ/s’, anaimid, fanann sibh/siad * * * * * veral 1st Conjugation verbs donÕt follow the pattern shown above for the present tense. If the verb has a long igh , drop igh om the spelling before adding the endings. A good xample of this type of exception is lŽigh : lŽigh + im = lŽim lŽigh + eann = lŽann lŽigh + imid = lŽimid A handful of 1st Conjugation verbs have a long ÔiÕ suigh , guigh , nigh , and luigh . For these, drop the igh , then use the endings given First Conjugation ÒLong-I-soundÓ Endings : ’m, ’onn, ’mid for example: suigh + ’m = su’m suigh + ’onn = su’onn suigh + ’mid = su’mid and: nigh + ’m = n’m nigh + ’onn = n’onn nigh + ’mid = n’mid