th 19 th C The Americas National Expansion Regional Imperialism the rise of the US 19 th Century Developments Continuing Patterns Colonial European Interference Influence Most important in Spanish Portuguese former colonies the Roman Catholic Church ID: 502569
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Slide1
The Americas in the Making: 18th-19th C.
The Americas:
National Expansion,
Regional Imperialism –
the rise of the U.S.Slide2
19th Century Developments
Continuing Patterns: Colonial (European) Interference, InfluenceMost important in Spanish, Portuguese former colonies: the Roman Catholic Church
- even after liberal upheavals in Europe, Church remained strong
former colonies remained strongholds: clergy continued to be contenders for local power, equivalent to ‘class’ interestsSlide3
19th Century Developments
Church had ‘monopoly’ on education, intellectual life during colonial era: following Independence… - ‘liberals’ wanted secular education, full separation between ‘Church and State’
- ‘conservatives’ supported the political role of the Church and wanted it built into new constitutions
Remained contentious issue throughout 19th century --Church influence still active in 20th centurySlide4
19th Century Developments
Direct challenges to South America:- British, French naval blockades
at different times, of Argentina
Britain repeatedly violated Brazilian national waters in its efforts to end the slave trade slave tradeFrench returned to ‘re-take’ Haiti 1801
Slide5
19th Century Developments
And to Mexico:- Spanish invaded
1829- French attacked Veracruz in 1838
full-scale invasion 1862 [see discussion below, part of story of US Imperialism]
- Different circumstances, similar goals: the former to re-establish influence in the region, the latter to establish it [rebuilding what it had lost elsewhere in NA in 7-yrs war]Slide6
19th Century Developments
Also to the United States: War of 1812- Direct challenge by Britain: in 1814: occupied Washington, burned the Whitehouse and Capital
- British in Canada allied with ‘loyalist’ Amerindians who fought against US forces on side of BritishSlide7
Damage to the Capital (above)
And ‘White House’ (drawing)Slide8
19th Century Developments
Continuing Patterns: failed attempts to ‘create’ nations of different regions, economies, ethnic groupsSimon Bolivar: from freeing Venezuela – went on to create regional ‘confederation’ “Grand Columbia”
Jose Antonio Paez: resisted
Bolivar’s government-- in turn established Venezuelan 1829Led to break up of short-lived’ regional state’Slide9
Created ‘Gran Colombia’:
confederation Ecuador, New Granada, VenezuelaSlide10
19th Century Developments
Continuing Patterns: failed attempts to ‘create’ nations of different regions, economies, ethnic groups- Similar situation elsewhere: United Provinces of Rio de la Plata, ‘loyalists’ in Uruguay and Bolivia, separatists in Paraguay –
All led local independence movements
- even Buenos Aires, Argentina had difficulty uniting, controlling far-flung regionsSlide11
19th Century Developments
All Achievements (Independence, Unification, Secession) – achieved by war, strong military leaders- leaders often reluctant to give up ‘power’ enjoyed during process of independence – whether from colonial or local powers
- promised strength, stability to war-weakened societiesSlide12
19th Century Developments
All Achievements (Independence, Unification, Secession) – achieved by war, strong military leaders- often supported by people initially
- later challenged when reluctant to respect democracy (give up authoritarian power) Slide13
19th Century Developments
Examples:- Bolivar (Venezuela), de Iturbide (
Mexico): their military reputations provided the foundation for personal political power – power based on personal ‘achievement’, charisma
- Can be easily challenged when political situation changes, when people seek different kind of ‘authority’ – or just another- Paez (Venezuela): used personalized power to resist Bolivar’s government when it ceased to be popularSlide14
19th Century Developments
Examples: United States - Andrew Jackson: used it to win presidency as ‘popular’ candidate (defeating older, wealthy ‘political aristocracy’ )
- cut away at Constitutional powers of Congress and Supreme Court by increasing those of presidentSlide15
Andrew Jackson (1767-1845)Slide16
19th Century Developments
Examples: L’Ouverture (Haiti)- 1800: L’Ouverture declared himself ‘Commander-in-Chief’ of the Island
- instituted policies to restore plantation society: required labour to regenerate economy- seen as attempt by island slaves to re-introduce slaverySlide17
19th Century Developments
1801 New Constitution: slavery, racial discrimination ‘abolished’ forever- alienated Whites (who turned to Napoleon to re-establish former regime)
- and Coloureds who lost privileges
- mandatory labour, general ‘bourgeois values’ enshrined: alienated slaves - 1801: massive uprising against L’Ouverture
Slide18
19th Century Developments
1801 Uprising:- opened door to Napoleon’s ‘return’ to the island (French troops)
- ultimate defeat of French, victory of new regime that reacted against everything ‘French’ – from executed soldiers/officers to ‘collaborators’
-end of L’Ouverture’s ‘French Haiti’: in turn generated reactions among neighbours – including US. Slide19
19th Century Developments
Continuing Patterns: slavery and abolition - Britain’s abolition of the slave trade was not universal: continued into Spanish and Portuguese territories until mid- (even late) century
- Issue between Brazil and Britain (re: slave ships) but also domestically (cause of Pedro I’s abdication; focus of Pedro II in attempt to keep throne)
Slide20
19th Century Developments
Continuing Patterns: slavery and abolition - Bolivar had taken ‘risk’ of alienating his own class to advocate abolition: why? To recruit slaves to ‘the cause’ of Independence
- And to assure support (military) of Haiti
Slide21
19th Century Developments
Brazil:- Pedro I: ratified treaty ending importation slaves 1830 but trade continued into 1850s
- war with Paraguay (1865-70): opportunity for slaves to gain freedom by joining armySlide22
19th Century Developments
Brazil:convinced many of abolitionist cause- runaways grew in number: little support for returning them
- Yet: 1888 before abolition achieved -- shows depth of belief in ‘slavery’ as natural social condition (with possibilities for integration)Slide23
19th Century: United StatesRise of United States as Regional Imperial Power
In context of ‘nationalisms’ throughout central/south America and Caribbean, US in best position to gain strength in region
- while regionally ‘unequally developed’ – South agricultural, slave labour, North industrial, wage labour – overall economy still stronger than any to its south (and west – Amerindian, Mexican)Slide24
19th Century: United States‘Manifest Destiny’:
‘Divinely Ordained’: subjugation of indigenous ‘non-Christian’ people reinforced Westward movement
- Combined with ‘strongman leadership’: ‘United ‘ States held together longer than confederations elsewhereSlide25
Manifest DestinySlide26
19th Century: United StatesUS-Mexico: 1820s – 1830s
- Mexicans invited Americans invited into northern provinces to help develop them: Mexicans had no investment ability – former colonial wealth in silver no longer viable
- Americans soon outnumbered Mexicans: resented their lack of political authority - particular grievance: Mexican laws against slavery --Americans brought slaves as their labour forceSlide27
19th Century: United States
US and Mexico: 1835-36- Mexican ‘liberals’ joined disgruntled Americans - They rebelled: gained independence for ‘Texas’
- became US ‘slave state’ in 1845
Slide28
19th Century: United States
US and Mexico: 1835-36provoked outright war
American forces captured Mexico City 1848- forced cession of huge territory: New Mexico, Arizona, California in return for $15million ‘cash supplement’
Slide29
19th Century: United States
Mexico: liberals under Benito Juarez took control - to re-establish stability: new Constitution imposed limiting power of Church and Military
Conservatives retaliated: invited Napoleon III (France) to reinstate ‘their’ powerAnother example of Europe returning to the New World: Napoleon’s forces invaded Mexico 1862
Slide30
19th Century: United States
Competing Imperialisms: France vs US French installed Austrian Hungarian emperor in Mexico
several years of war followed
- US used diplomatic pressure to restore Mexican president to power: established foothold in countrySlide31
Major French Assault; ‘taking of
Republican Flag’; execution of Emperor
Napoleon requests Egyptian TroopsSlide32
19th Century: United States
Secession of US Southern States: ‘American Civil War 1861-5’- problems posed by expansionism, “nationalism” grew during early 19th C.
- new acquisitions of territory created not onlyu conflict with Amerindians, neighbours (Mexico) but: domestic political crisis
Slide33
19th Century: United States
Secession of US Southern States: ‘American Civil War 1861-5’- with growing importance of slave-based southern agriculture (especially cotton) for industries (north and south) based on this production: political pressure grew to ensure that States created in new lands were ‘
Slave States’ Slide34
19th Century: United States
Series of ‘negotiated legislations’ passed to mediate between different demands: ultimately led to War- 1800: slave states majority
- Missouri Compromise 1820: Slavery prohibited north of latitude 36 degrees 30’- 1821, 1837: ‘slave’ / ‘free’ states equal in numberSlide35
Slave-Free States 1837Slide36
19th Century: United StatesSlide37
19th Century: United States
Battle over Slavery continued: 1846 Slaves States gained majority of ONE precarious balance of states cause of concern for both anti- and pro-slave factions
Kansas-Nebraska: became battleground (literally) for struggle‘pro-slavery’ settlers moved into region to assure vote
Slide38
19th Century: United States
“Bloody Kansas”: on-the-ground violenceGovernment sent forces to support pro-slavery authorities; congress refused to recognize legality of State
Revealed depth of cleavage in Government itself! - eventually enough anti-slavery voters moved into state to reverse position
Slide39
19th Century: United States
1861: Kansas admitted as ‘free state’
Just as Civil War began. . .
Slide40
19th Century: United StatesCivil War: Secession of the South:
- federal policies (‘compromises’ not withstanding) ultimately alienated the Southern statesAs we have seen elsewhere: attempts to negotiate basic differences ultimately failed
formed Confederate States of America: seceded in 1861Slide41
19th Century: United StatesAmerican Civil War:
- President Lincoln handled Southern States same way other new national leaders handled problem: military force to remain part of new nation
- difference: all successful ‘secessions’ had taken place soon after War of Independence in Latin America: this attempt was almost a century later-- too many vested (economic) interests to permit
Slide42
19th Century: United StatesWar Failed but Impact Long-Lasting:
- over 750,00 lives lostfought over ‘slavery’ but
not really about slavery in sense of moral issue (abolitionist movement not central here – see below)
About politics and economics: slave populations brought political representation, labour for production required by industrySlide43
19th Century: United States
Origins of Abolition in US: - in the US it was cotton (and its role in industrialization – Britain but also the US North) that drove early 19th century growth in slavery
- contrary to general impression, abolitionist activity not defined by region (north/south)
- - women, free/freed African Americans organized most anti-slavery activity throughout country Slide44
Uncle Tom’s CabinHarriet Beecher Stowe
- teacher: wrote novel about ‘life of slaves’ 1852
- main character ‘Uncle Tom’, long-suffering slave around whom others
stories revolved - hugely popular - caricatured by many Slide45
19th Century: United States
Abolition of Slavery - Frederick Douglass (freed slave) one of most well known Slide46
19th Century: United StatesSecession Failed: but Impact Long-Lasting
- social impact: fed into late-19th century rise in racism, discrimination
- included ‘backlash’ vis-à-vis slavery: political issues never addressed by outcome of warSlide47
19th Century: United States
Post Civil War: Emancipation not Equality - legal freedom did not guarantee ‘equality’
- everywhere, ‘blacks’ faced discrimination and/or patronization - in the South, pseudo slavery perpetuated through ‘Jim Crow’ laws: segregation in housing, transport, education
Slide48
“Jim Crow”: caricatureSlide49
“Jim Crow”: caricatureSlide50
19th Century: United States
Southern Paper [“Mobile Register", Alabama] editorial June 19, 1897: "There is a feeling in the white man's mind that whoever of the race not his own who attempts to defy this race instinct, and violently upset the physical line which nature has established, does by that act take his life in hand".
Estimated more than 2,500 in America 1882-1918Slide51
19th Century: United States
Discrimination Not Only About ‘being black’:Post Civil War era one of economic growth and need for labour
Southern reaction largely cultural but also economicEconomic need for labour, combined with economic possibilities for developing ‘new west’ – including California –led to demands for immigrant labourSlide52
19th Century: United States
Chinese Immigration: - conditions in China [see earlier lecture on Asia]: overpopulation for available land, ‘homelessness’ – led to massive emigration
By late century: 1870s-1880s - 100,000 into Peru
- 120,000 into Cuba - 50,000 into Canada Slide53
19th Century: United States
Chinese Immigration: to the Us- 300,000 by 1882: marked California Gold Rush
- Size of population change in such short period: bound to have impactSlide54
Chinese Workers in California Gold Mines, c. 1860Slide55
19th Century: United States
California’s Anti-Coolie Act of 1862: “There is hereby levied on each person, male and female, of the Mongolian race, of the age of eighteen years and upwards, residing in this State, except such as shall, under laws now existing, or which may hereafter be enacted, take out licenses to work in the mines, or to prosecute some kind of business, a monthly capitation tax of two dollars and fifty cents, which tax shall be known as the Chinese Police Tax. . .”Slide56
Chinese Immigration to US
Chinese emigration to America: sketch on board the steam-ship Alaska, bound for San Francisco. From "Views of Chinese"" published in The Graphic and
Harper's Weekly. April 29, 1876Slide57
19th Century: United States
Immigrants Intended ‘Short-term’ Stay but…. - situation in China difficult: money in US good
- many stayed much longer than anticipated: either by them or by Americans Slide58
19th Century: United States
- American ‘fears’ grew: Chinese portrayed as drug-using ‘aliens’ - grew as century moved on
- 1896, larger concerns with Immigrants and Immigration (in general) topic of major Public Concern