2009 Comp essay Racial and ethnic constructs North and Latin America and Caribbean https securemediacollegeboardorgapcap09worldhistoryq3pdf I The Spanish Caribbean A The indigenous Tainos or Arawaks ID: 789065
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Slide1
Exploration & Colonization of The Americas
2009 Comp essay
Racial and ethnic constructs
North and Latin America and
Caribbean:
https://
secure-media.collegeboard.org/apc/ap09_world_history_q3.pdf
Slide2Slide3Slide4I. The Spanish Caribbean
A. The indigenous Tainos or Arawaks Taino Indians, Dominican Rep., 1500 CE
B. The Encomienda system
1. subjugated by the Spanish to mine gold & silver2. Brutality & smallpox led to a decrease in the population3. By early 17th century, the Taino pop. no longer exists.
1. System provided land grants given to Spanish settlers.2. Tainos forced into labor in exchange for provisions.
Slide5II. The Conquest of Mexico and Peru
A. The Aztecs (Mexico) and Incas (Peru) 1. The empires of Meso & South America were wealthier and more complex than Caribbean societies.
B. Hernan Cortes 1. Conquers Aztecs 1519-21
2. Internal strife and disease allow Spanish to defeat these groups. 3. Technology (steel swords, muskets, cannons and horses) gave Spanish the advantage.C. Francisco Pizarro
1. Conquers Incas 1532-33
Slide6II. The Conquest of Mexico and Peru (continued)
EuropeansTechnological advancements
enslavement & subjugation
Slide7III. Iberian Empires in the Americas
B. The Spanish formalize their rule 1. New Spain & New Castile - each governed by viceroys 2. audiencias
are set up to check the power of the viceroys 3. urban centers develop as a result of Spanish rule
C. Portuguese establish imperial presence in Brazil.
A. Treaty of Tordesillas 1. Divides South America between Spanish and Portuguese rule.
Slide8IV. Colonization of North America
A. France & England 1. Colonization on east coast, exploration of west coast
2. Migration patterns show more family based settlement.(laws prevented miscegenation) 3. Sought fur, fish, trade routes
early 17th century 4. Suffered from isolation & food shortages
Jamestown Colony 1607
Slide9Spanish & Portuguese Colonization
Both Groups
French and English Colonization
Male-based migration with strictly econ. motives.
Both seeking opportunities
Family-based migration with resettlement focus.
Royal sponsorship with use of viceroys
Royal oversight with private investment
Mingled with the natives to create a more intricate hierarchy.
Maintain separation of cultures.
Used indigenous population as a labor source (encomineda, engenho, mita)
Both utilized African slave labor
Indentured servants
Mining of gold and silver
Both cultivated cash crops
Profited from the fur trade, tobacco, and fishing
Colonization Venn Charts
Slide10Spanish & Portuguese Colonization
Both Groups
French and English Colonization
Migration dominated by males
Migration more family-based
Caribbean, S. & N. America
North America
Used as a source of labor (encomienda, mita, engenho)
Reliance on the indigenous pop. and eventually the African slave trade
As a means of survival, trade
Royal sponsorship and use of viceroys
Royal oversight with private investment
Imposition of power through force.
Resettlement was more of a focus.
Missionary efforts were more successful
Missionary efforts were less successful
Integration of groups was common
More segregated (us & them)
mining
agriculture
Fur trade, fishing
Slide11B. Relations with indigenous people
1. Settlers interrupt migrations of indigenous peoples. 2. Lands seized & justified with treaties 3. Natives raided farms & villages – lead to reprisals by settlers. 4. 1500 - 1800, native pop.
decreases by 90%
Colonial JusticeIV. Colonization of North America (continued)
Slide12Colonization of North America
Slide13Colonial Society: S. America
Formation of multicultural societies People of varied ancestry lived together under European rule
Social hierarchy Iberian colonies: Whites (peninsulares & creoles)
Mixed (mestizos & zambos)Africans & natives = bottommestizo societies emerge
Brazil more mixed: mestizos, mulattoes, zambos
Slide14Colonial Society: No. America
Greater gender balance among settlers Allowed marriage within own groups Relations with French traders & native women
métis (Euro + native)English frowned on interracial marriages Cultural borrowing: plants, crops, deerskin clothes
Slide15Spanish Colonial Economy: Mining
Silver & gold basis of Spanish wealthTwo major sites of silver mining: Zacatecas (Mexico) & Potosi (Peru)Global significance of silver
20% of silver went to royal treasury (the quinto) Funded military & bureaucracyWent to European, then to Asian markets for luxury goods
Potosi Silver Mine
Slide16Spanish Colonial Economy: Agriculture
Haciendas basis of Spanish Am. production Produced foodstuffs for local use
Encomienda repartimientoEncomienda system seen as abusiveRepartimiento replaces conscript & slave with contract labor
free laborers by mid-17th centuryNative ResistanceRebellion, indolence, retreat
Difficult to register complaints
Slide17Portuguese Colonial Economy
Sugar and slavery in Brazil Dependent on sugar productionBrazilian life revolved around the sugar mill, or engenho
Combined agricultural & industrial enterprises Sugar planters landed nobility
Brazilian Sugar Plantation
Slide18Portuguese Colonial Economy
Growth of slavery in Brazil Natives were not cultivators resisted farm labor Disease
indigenous pop.Imported African slaves for cane & sugar production after 1530deaths
births demand for slaves 1 ton of sugar = 1 human life
Slaves Harvesting Sugarcane
Slide19North Am. Colonial Economy
Fur tradersFur trade extremely profitableNatives trapped for & traded with Europeans Impact of fur trade
Environmental conflicts among natives competing for resources
Fur Traders
Slide20North Am. Colonial Economy
European settlers threatened natives Cash crops--tobacco, rice, indigo, & cotton Indentured labor in 17th & 18
th centuries Replaced by Slaves in late 17th century New England merchants participated in slave trade, distillation of rum
Tobacco Plantation
Slide21Colonial Religion: Christianity
Spanish missionaries Est. mission schools & churches Some record native languages & traditions Attracted many proselytes
French & English missionariesEnglish not interested in native conversion French
moderate success
Indians @ Mission Ventura
Slide22Comparative Thesis
From 1450-1750 the colonization of both North and Latin American purpose was for the exploitation of land, labor and capital known as capitalism, both became regions for European migrants, however, mostly male Iberians settled and mixed amongst African and Native populations (miscegenation) whilst the family colonist settlers developed laws to isolate African ( lower populations than Latin American sugar plantations) and Natives.From 1450-1750, the settlement of Latin America was established through royal Patronage known as vice royalties while North America was a combination of royal patronage and private investment ( Virginia company), both brought Christianity with them ( although little attempt at conversion was done in North America) and ideas of constitutionalism ( establishment of representative legislative bodies) while all political entities in Latin America was controlled by both the Absolute monarch and Roman Catholic Church
Slide23From 1450-1750 the colonization of both North and Latin American purpose was for the exploitation of land, labor and capital known as mercantilism, both became regions for European migrants, however, mostly male Iberians settled and mixed amongst African and Native populations (miscegenation) whilst the family colonist settlers developed laws to isolate African ( lower populations than Latin American sugar plantations) and Natives
The Mercantilist methods to gain a favorable balance of trade were both utilized by European governments in North and Latin America for a variety of resources (land) coerced labor (labor) and markets (capital)
Excessive populations looking to escape persecution or for an economic stronghold would migrate to the “new world” for possibilities not offered in War-plagued Europe
The family settlements and racial black codes in North America differed from the Las Castas system of racial miscegenation in Latin America.European monarchs in Spain, Portugal, England, France and the Netherlands would send overseas expeditions to compete over territorial acquisitions to establish the best way to generate wealth for their thrones ( primitive accumulation of wealth)The migrations of indentured laborers, freed peasants and religious refugees sought a new start in colonies for the purpose of making a better life for themselves
With family settlement and isolation of natives and lower African population, less intermixing would take place whilst the European male dominance and frequent miscegenation led to the creation of the hierarchal system of las castas where race would be a qualifying factor for opportunity ( Peninsulares, Creoles, Mestizo, Mullatoes, Indios and African)
Slide24The Pacific: Australia
British captain James Cook explored east Australia in 17701788, England est. 1st settlement in Australia as a penal colony Free settlers outnumbered convicted criminal migrants after 1830s
Penal Colony: Australia
Slide25The Pacific Islands
Spanish voyages after Magellan Acapulco to ManilaIndigenous Chamorro resisted
decimated by smallpoxImpact:Occasional skirmishes Whalers regularly visited after 18th century
Missionaries, merchants, and planters followChamorro Church
Village
Slide26Politics within the Iberian Empires
Colonial American societyEuropean-style society in citiesindigenous culture persisted in rural areas
More exploitation than settlement Still, many Iberians settled btw. 1500-1800
Colonization—Spanish Style