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Exploration  & Colonization of The Americas Exploration  & Colonization of The Americas

Exploration & Colonization of The Americas - PowerPoint Presentation

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Exploration & Colonization of The Americas - PPT Presentation

2009 Comp essay Racial and ethnic constructs North and Latin America and Caribbean https securemediacollegeboardorgapcap09worldhistoryq3pdf I The Spanish Caribbean A The indigenous Tainos or Arawaks ID: 789065

spanish amp north america amp spanish america north colonization colonial labor african natives trade sugar latin european settlers native

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Slide1

Exploration & Colonization of The Americas

2009 Comp essay

Racial and ethnic constructs

North and Latin America and

Caribbean:

https://

secure-media.collegeboard.org/apc/ap09_world_history_q3.pdf

Slide2

Slide3

Slide4

I. The Spanish Caribbean

A. The indigenous Tainos or Arawaks Taino Indians, Dominican Rep., 1500 CE

B. The Encomienda system

1. subjugated by the Spanish to mine gold & silver2. Brutality & smallpox led to a decrease in the population3. By early 17th century, the Taino pop. no longer exists.

1. System provided land grants given to Spanish settlers.2. Tainos forced into labor in exchange for provisions.

Slide5

II. The Conquest of Mexico and Peru

A. The Aztecs (Mexico) and Incas (Peru) 1. The empires of Meso & South America were wealthier and more complex than Caribbean societies.

B. Hernan Cortes 1. Conquers Aztecs 1519-21

2. Internal strife and disease allow Spanish to defeat these groups. 3. Technology (steel swords, muskets, cannons and horses) gave Spanish the advantage.C. Francisco Pizarro

1. Conquers Incas 1532-33

Slide6

II. The Conquest of Mexico and Peru (continued)

EuropeansTechnological advancements

enslavement & subjugation

Slide7

III. Iberian Empires in the Americas

B. The Spanish formalize their rule 1. New Spain & New Castile - each governed by viceroys 2. audiencias

are set up to check the power of the viceroys 3. urban centers develop as a result of Spanish rule

C. Portuguese establish imperial presence in Brazil.

A. Treaty of Tordesillas 1. Divides South America between Spanish and Portuguese rule.

Slide8

IV. Colonization of North America

A. France & England 1. Colonization on east coast, exploration of west coast

2. Migration patterns show more family based settlement.(laws prevented miscegenation) 3. Sought fur, fish, trade routes

 early 17th century 4. Suffered from isolation & food shortages

Jamestown Colony 1607

Slide9

Spanish & Portuguese Colonization

Both Groups

French and English Colonization

Male-based migration with strictly econ. motives.

Both seeking opportunities

Family-based migration with resettlement focus.

Royal sponsorship with use of viceroys

Royal oversight with private investment

Mingled with the natives to create a more intricate hierarchy.

Maintain separation of cultures.

Used indigenous population as a labor source (encomineda, engenho, mita)

Both utilized African slave labor

Indentured servants

Mining of gold and silver

Both cultivated cash crops

Profited from the fur trade, tobacco, and fishing

Colonization Venn Charts

Slide10

Spanish & Portuguese Colonization

Both Groups

French and English Colonization

Migration dominated by males

Migration more family-based

Caribbean, S. & N. America

North America

Used as a source of labor (encomienda, mita, engenho)

Reliance on the indigenous pop. and eventually the African slave trade

As a means of survival, trade

Royal sponsorship and use of viceroys

Royal oversight with private investment

Imposition of power through force.

Resettlement was more of a focus.

Missionary efforts were more successful

Missionary efforts were less successful

Integration of groups was common

More segregated (us & them)

mining

agriculture

Fur trade, fishing

Slide11

B. Relations with indigenous people

1. Settlers interrupt migrations of indigenous peoples. 2. Lands seized & justified with treaties 3. Natives raided farms & villages – lead to reprisals by settlers. 4. 1500 - 1800, native pop.

decreases by 90%

Colonial JusticeIV. Colonization of North America (continued)

Slide12

Colonization of North America

Slide13

Colonial Society: S. America

Formation of multicultural societies People of varied ancestry lived together under European rule

Social hierarchy Iberian colonies: Whites (peninsulares & creoles)

Mixed (mestizos & zambos)Africans & natives = bottommestizo societies emerge

Brazil more mixed: mestizos, mulattoes, zambos

Slide14

Colonial Society: No. America

Greater gender balance among settlers Allowed marriage within own groups Relations with French traders & native women

métis (Euro + native)English frowned on interracial marriages Cultural borrowing: plants, crops, deerskin clothes

Slide15

Spanish Colonial Economy: Mining

Silver & gold basis of Spanish wealthTwo major sites of silver mining: Zacatecas (Mexico) & Potosi (Peru)Global significance of silver

20% of silver went to royal treasury (the quinto) Funded military & bureaucracyWent to European, then to Asian markets for luxury goods

Potosi Silver Mine

Slide16

Spanish Colonial Economy: Agriculture

Haciendas  basis of Spanish Am. production Produced foodstuffs for local use

Encomienda  repartimientoEncomienda system seen as abusiveRepartimiento replaces conscript & slave with contract labor

free laborers by mid-17th centuryNative ResistanceRebellion, indolence, retreat

Difficult to register complaints

Slide17

Portuguese Colonial Economy

Sugar and slavery in Brazil Dependent on sugar productionBrazilian life revolved around the sugar mill, or engenho

Combined agricultural & industrial enterprises Sugar planters landed nobility

Brazilian Sugar Plantation

Slide18

Portuguese Colonial Economy

Growth of slavery in Brazil Natives were not cultivators resisted farm labor Disease

 indigenous pop.Imported African slaves for cane & sugar production after 1530deaths

 births  demand for slaves 1 ton of sugar = 1 human life

Slaves Harvesting Sugarcane

Slide19

North Am. Colonial Economy

Fur tradersFur trade extremely profitableNatives trapped for & traded with Europeans Impact of fur trade

Environmental conflicts among natives competing for resources

Fur Traders

Slide20

North Am. Colonial Economy

European settlers threatened natives Cash crops--tobacco, rice, indigo, & cotton Indentured labor in 17th & 18

th centuries Replaced by Slaves in late 17th century New England merchants participated in slave trade, distillation of rum

Tobacco Plantation

Slide21

Colonial Religion: Christianity

Spanish missionaries Est. mission schools & churches Some record native languages & traditions Attracted many proselytes

French & English missionariesEnglish not interested in native conversion French

 moderate success

Indians @ Mission Ventura

Slide22

Comparative Thesis

From 1450-1750 the colonization of both North and Latin American purpose was for the exploitation of land, labor and capital known as capitalism, both became regions for European migrants, however, mostly male Iberians settled and mixed amongst African and Native populations (miscegenation) whilst the family colonist settlers developed laws to isolate African ( lower populations than Latin American sugar plantations) and Natives.From 1450-1750, the settlement of Latin America was established through royal Patronage known as vice royalties while North America was a combination of royal patronage and private investment ( Virginia company), both brought Christianity with them ( although little attempt at conversion was done in North America) and ideas of constitutionalism ( establishment of representative legislative bodies) while all political entities in Latin America was controlled by both the Absolute monarch and Roman Catholic Church

Slide23

From 1450-1750 the colonization of both North and Latin American purpose was for the exploitation of land, labor and capital known as mercantilism, both became regions for European migrants, however, mostly male Iberians settled and mixed amongst African and Native populations (miscegenation) whilst the family colonist settlers developed laws to isolate African ( lower populations than Latin American sugar plantations) and Natives

The Mercantilist methods to gain a favorable balance of trade were both utilized by European governments in North and Latin America for a variety of resources (land) coerced labor (labor) and markets (capital)

Excessive populations looking to escape persecution or for an economic stronghold would migrate to the “new world” for possibilities not offered in War-plagued Europe

The family settlements and racial black codes in North America differed from the Las Castas system of racial miscegenation in Latin America.European monarchs in Spain, Portugal, England, France and the Netherlands would send overseas expeditions to compete over territorial acquisitions to establish the best way to generate wealth for their thrones ( primitive accumulation of wealth)The migrations of indentured laborers, freed peasants and religious refugees sought a new start in colonies for the purpose of making a better life for themselves

With family settlement and isolation of natives and lower African population, less intermixing would take place whilst the European male dominance and frequent miscegenation led to the creation of the hierarchal system of las castas where race would be a qualifying factor for opportunity ( Peninsulares, Creoles, Mestizo, Mullatoes, Indios and African)

Slide24

The Pacific: Australia

British captain James Cook explored east Australia in 17701788, England est. 1st settlement in Australia as a penal colony Free settlers outnumbered convicted criminal migrants after 1830s

Penal Colony: Australia

Slide25

The Pacific Islands

Spanish voyages after Magellan Acapulco to ManilaIndigenous Chamorro resisted

decimated by smallpoxImpact:Occasional skirmishes Whalers regularly visited after 18th century

Missionaries, merchants, and planters followChamorro Church

Village

Slide26

Politics within the Iberian Empires

Colonial American societyEuropean-style society in citiesindigenous culture persisted in rural areas

More exploitation than settlement Still, many Iberians settled btw. 1500-1800

Colonization—Spanish Style