Performance enhancing drugs - PowerPoint Presentation

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Performance enhancing drugs

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What is performance ?

Physical

Mental

sexual

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Anabolic Steroids

Clenbuterol

Gamma

Hydroxybutyrate

Natural Products and Nutritional Supplements

Prescription Medications

Performance enhancing drugs

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Anabolic

Steroids

As

Abused

Drugs

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"Anabolic steroids"

is the familiar name for synthetic substances related to the male sex hormones (e.g., testosterone). They promote the growth of skeletal muscle (anabolic effects) and the development of male sexual characteristics (androgenic effects) in both males and females. So the proper term for these compounds is "anabolic-androgenic steroids.“Anabolic steroids were developed in the late 1930s primarily to treat hypogonadism

, a condition in which the testes do not produce sufficient testosterone for normal growth, development, and sexual functioning.

The primary medical uses of these compounds are to treat delayed puberty, some types of impotence, and wasting of the body caused by HIV

infection

or other diseases

.

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During the 1930s, scientists discovered that anabolic steroids could facilitate the growth of skeletal muscle in laboratory animals, which led to abuse of the compounds first by bodybuilders and weightlifters and then by athletes in other sports.

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Anabolic Steroids are a group of

synthetic hormones that promote the storage of protein and the growth of tissue.

Anabolic steroids are synthetic drugs similar to the male hormone,

testosterone.

- The full name for this class of drugs is

androgenic

(promoting masculine characteristics)

anabolic

(tissue building) steroids (the class of drugs).

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Testosterone

does its job in the body by binding to the androgen receptor in the cytoplasm of cells; this complex then moves into the cell nucleus, where it binds to DNA, switching on certain genes and causing increased protein synthesis in cells. This results in greater muscle mass and strength.

Mode of action of testosterone:

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Examples are,

Nandrolone

,

Oxandrolone

,

Oxymetholone

, and Stanzolol.

They can be taken as tablets, in powder form or by intramuscular injection.

- These steroids

improve muscle growth, strength and power

. In many cases, these steroids are used by athletes.

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Both

males and females

have testosterone produced in their bodies: males in the testes, and females in the ovaries and adrenal cortex.

- Some of the common

street (slang) names

for anabolic steroids include

arnolds

, gym candy, pumpers,

roids

, stackers, weight trainers, and juice

.

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Routes of

Adminstation

:

Currently, there are more than 100 different types of anabolic steroids that have been developed, and each requires a prescription to be used legally in the United States.

-

Anabolic steroids can be taken

orally

,

injected intramuscularly

, or

rubbed on the skin

when in the form of gels or creams.

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1)

cycling

,

which involves taking multiple doses of steroids over a specific period of time, stopping for a period, and starting again.

2) stacking

Users also frequently combine

several different types

of steroids in a process known as

stacking

. By doing this, users believe that the different steroids will interact to produce an effect on muscle size that is greater than the effects of using each drug individually (avoid tolerance, different receptors, decrease side effects).

Adminstration

patterns

:

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3)

Pyramiding: This is a process in which users slowly escalate steroid abuse (increasing the number of steroids or the dose and frequency of one or more steroids used at one time), reaching a peak amount at mid-cycle and gradually reducing the dose toward the end of the cycle.

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Administration (continued)

P.O. (per os = ???? ) or IM (frequently together)Testosterone cannot be given orally (WHY?)Anabolic steroid injections are formulated in oil which allows a sustained release of drug from the IM site over a period of weeks or days

Doses: 10-100 excess of therapeutic doses

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Medical use of anabolic steroids

Bone

marrow stimulation:

For decades, anabolic steroids were the mainstay of therapy for

hypo-plastic anemia due

to leukemia or kidney failure, especially aplastic anemia (why ?????). Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)

e.g. in

hypogonadism

, infertility, … etc.

Post-surgical muscle wasting

.

As Performance Enhancing Drugs in some cases.

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Commonly Abused Steroids

Oral SteroidsAnadrol (oxymetholone)Oxandrin (oxandrolone)Dianabol (methandrostenolone

)

Winstrol

(

stanozolol

)Injectable SteroidsDeca-Durabolin (nandrolone decanoate)Durabolin (nandrolone phenpropionate)Depo-Testosterone (testosterone cypionate)Equipoise (boldenone undecylenate)Tetrahydrogestrinone (THG)

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Testosterone

Nandrolone

Oxandrolone

Stanozol

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The side effects of anabolic steroids

♀ ♂

1)

Liver damage

2) Heart damage (arteriosclerosis, hypertension, hypertrophy of left ventricle)

3) Weak tendons (injuries)

4) Immunosuppression

5) Psychological:

Aggressiveness

,

paranoid jealousy, extreme irritability, confusion, anxiety, sleep disorders, euphoria, depression, hallucination.

7) Kidney damage

8) Water & salt retention

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In men

♂

1)

Development of breasts (

Gynecomastia

)♂

2) Atrophy of the testicles, reduced sperm count, infertility

3) Baldness (male-type

M

), acne, diarrhea, nausea, bloating

4) Prostate enlargement, cancer

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Women will also suffer from:

♀

irregular menstruation

2)

Virilization

(breast reduction, development of beard, deepening of voice) …………infertility

3) Birth defects: development of male sex organs in female fetus if conception occurs when the mother is taking these

anabolics

.

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In sports

,

doping

refers to the

use of Performance-enhancing drugs or technique , particularly those forbidden by organizations that regulate competitions

.

The World Anti Doping Agency (WADA) constantly maintains an updated list of performance enhancing substances used around the world as reference. This list includes all anabolic agents and precursors.

Anabolic steroids and sports

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Other types

of doping are: 1) Blood doping

, either by

blood transfusion

or use of the hormone

erythropoietin

(EPO, is a glycoprotein hormone that controls erythropoiesis, or red blood cell production) 2) Anabolic steroid. Also considered "doping" by many is the use of substances that mask other forms of doping (e.g. Finasteride

=

Finasteride

is

a synthetic type II 5α-

reductase

inhibitor, this

enzyme converts testosterone to

dihydrotestosterone

).

3

) Growth hormone

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How is growth hormone abused?

People sometimes take GH illegally to stop or reverse the effects of aging or to improve athletic performance. Some athletes believe taking GH alone will not achieve the desired results, so take it along with anabolic (tissue-building) steroids in an effort to build muscle, increase strength, and decrease body fat. Some athletes also use insulin

to increase the muscular effects of GH, which is a dangerous practice because it lowers blood sugar.

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Doping is considered

unethical

by most international sports organizations and especially the

International Olympic Committee

(IOC).

- The reasons are mainly:

1)

The health threat

of performance-enhancing drugs,

2)

Endanger the equality of opportunity of the athletes

.

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Some rules for testing for Anabolic, androgenic Steroids (AAS):

The most common method to detect anabolic steroid usage is through urine and blood sample tests. Urine tests today can determine whether a person has (or not) taken any anabolic steroids during the previous 30 days.

Epitestosterone

is a natural

steroid

, an inactive

epimer of the hormone testosterone. Structurally, it differs from testosterone only in the configuration at the OH-bearing carbon, C17. Epitestosterone levels are typically highest in young males; however, by adulthood, most healthy males exhibit a testosterone to epitestosterone ratio (T/E ratio) of about 1:1.

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Epitestosterone

(

E)

is biologically inactive with stable level

Adminstration

of testosterone (

T

) does not lead to increase of E

(T is not converted to E inside the body)

Concentration of testosterone in male blood is variable (difference in metabolism).

It

has been shown that

exogenous

administration of

testosterone

does not affect levels of

epitestosterone

in the body. As a result, tests to determine the ratio of testosterone to

epitestosterone

in

urine

are used to find athletes who are

doping

.

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Positive doping should be confirmed by taking other samples and carrying out confirmatory tests.

All tests are performed (on urine, sometimes blood) in laboratories accredited by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) using GC-MS or HPLC-MS in urine after

Deconjugation

using beta-

glucuronidase

enzyme on metabolites

(

glucuronides

).

T/E

> 6 may indicate

positive test

unless there is evidence that it is due to natural condition or disease.

T/E

ratio is used to test for doping (reliable)

T/E

< 6 is considered normal (Negative test)

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Tests for doping:

Random selection of

atheletes

in preliminaries in addition to a selection of other

finalists are tested.

Carried out in a handful of facilities that have

World Anti-Doping Agency

(WADA) accreditation:

Procedure:

1) Collection of urine from random samples (no ET)

2) Extraction by buffer solution

3)

Deconjugation

by enzyme

4) Analysis by GC/MS or LC/MS/MS

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Epitestosterone

is prohibited by sport authorities because its administration will lower the urinary testosterone/epitestosterone ratio, a marker of testosterone administration. A definitive method for detecting epitestosterone administration is needed.

So it is

developed

a method in which

gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry method for measuring the delta(13)C values for urinary

epitestosterone. Sample preparation included deconjugation with beta-glucuronidase, solid-phase extraction, and semi preparative HPLC.

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Confirmation of positive test results

Isotopic ratio mass spectrometry:

the method is called

Gas Chromatography/Combustion/Isotope Ratio Mass Spectroscopy (GC/C/IRMS)

which can measure very small differences in the

13

C/

12

C ratio of testosterone (distinguish).

Of

course, drug cheats can get around that by taking extra synthetic

epitestosterone

in addition to testosterone, as a

'masking agent

', but this trick can be detected by using a carbon isotope ratio test

.

Testosterone made in the body has a higher level of carbon-13 than synthetic testosterone

, owing to the different ways they are

synthesized,

and so the presence of synthetic testosterone can be detected. 

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Depend on that the carbon source of synthetic testosterone (originally from Yam) with different ration from that of natural testosterone (produced within the body).

Negative test is uninformative due to possible

adminstration

of

LH

or

human chorionic gonadotropin (read more about it).

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THANKS

GOOD LUCK