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Circulation and  Gas exchange Circulation and  Gas exchange

Circulation and Gas exchange - PowerPoint Presentation

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Circulation and Gas exchange - PPT Presentation

Types of circulatory systems Diffusion oxygen and carbon dioxide based on body shape and size Gastrovascular cavities distribution of substances throughout the body and in digestion Open circulatory system ID: 910936

heart blood capillaries system blood heart system capillaries figure oxygen air artery cells pressure tissue pulmonary ventricle atrium left

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Slide1

Circulation and Gas exchange

Slide2

Types of circulatory systems

Diffusion – oxygen and carbon dioxide, based on body shape and size

Gastrovascular

cavities

– distribution of substances throughout the body and in digestion.

Open circulatory system

– arthropods, some

molluscs

Hemolymph

, interstitial fluid, clear fluid

Pumped through vessels into sinuses and back to heart

Closed circulatory system

Blood confined in

vessles

Slide3

Figure 34.3

Branch vessels

in each organ

Tubular heart

Pores

Hemolymph in sinuses

(a) An open circulatory system

Heart

(b) A closed circulatory system

Heart

Blood

Dorsal vessel

(main heart)

Auxiliary

hearts

Ventral vessels

Interstitial

fluid

Slide4

Cardiovascular system

Closed circulatory system of humans

Arteries – blood away from heart

Capillaries – gas exchange, simple squamous tissue

Veins – blood to the heart

Not all arteries carry oxygenated blood and not all veins carry deoxygenated blood2 main chambers of the heart Atrium – receiving chamberVentricle – pumping chamber

Slide5

Figure 34.4

Lung

and skin

capillaries

Body capillaries

Vein

Gill capillaries

(a) Single circulation: fish

Heart:

(b) Double circulation:

amphibian

Key

Systemic

capillaries

Pulmocutaneous

circuit

Artery

Ventricle (V)

Atrium (A)

Oxygen-rich blood

Oxygen-poor blood

Right

Left

A

A

V

Systemic circuit

Lung

capillaries

(c) Double circulation:

mammal

Systemic

capillaries

Pulmonary

circuit

Right

Left

A

A

V

Systemic circuit

V

Slide6

Figure 34.5

Capillaries of

abdominal organs

and hind limbs

Aorta

Capillaries

of right lung

Superior

vena cava

Pulmonary

artery

Pulmonary

vein

Right atrium

Right ventricle

Inferior vena cava

Capillariesof left lung

Pulmonary artery

Pulmonaryvein

Left atrium

Left ventricle

Capillaries of

head and

forelimbs

Aorta

9

7

6

4

2

11

3

5

8

10

1

3

Slide7

Figure 34.6

Aorta

Atrioventricular

(AV) valve

Semilunar

valve

Pulmonary artery

Right

atrium

Right

ventricle

Pulmonary

artery

Left

atrium

Left ventricle

Atrioventricular(AV) valve

Semilunarvalve

Slide8

The mammalian heart

Approximately the size of a fist

Made of mostly cardiac tissue

Cardiac cycle

– one complete sequence of pumping and filling of the heart.Systole – contraction phase of cardiac cycle

Diastole – relaxation phase of cardiac cycleCardiac output – volume of blood each ventricle pumps per minute

Slide9

Valves

Atrioventricular

– separate the atrium from the ventricle

Bicuspid – mitral valve

tricuspidSemilunar valves – found at exits of the heart

Pulmonary – leaving heart for lungsAortic – leaving the heart to the aortaLub DupLub – blood against the closed AV valvesDup – closing of semilunar valvesMurmurs – abnormal sounds

Slide10

Conduction system

sinoatrial

node

– pace maker – sets rate and timing of cardiac muscle contraction.

Atrioventricular node – conduct impulses through wall separating atrium and ventricle

ECG – electrocardiogram – graph depicting stages in the cardiac cycle

Slide11

Figure 34.8-4

Signals (yellow)

from SA node

spread

through atria.

SA node

(pacemaker)

1

Signals are

delayed

at AV node.

Bundlebranchespass signalsto heart apex.

Signalsspreadthroughoutventricles.

AV node

Bundle

branchesHeart

apexPurkinje

fibers

ECG

2

3

4

Slide12

Blood vessels

3 layers of tissue

Endothelium – think epithelial tissue

Smooth muscle

Durable connective tissueArtery – arterioles – capillaries –

venules - veinsArteries and veins differ slightly in structureArteries have thicker walls due to higher pressure Veins have valves to prevent backflow

Slide13

Figure 34.9

Connective

tissue

Smooth

muscle

Connective

tissue

Smooth

muscle

Endothelium

Endothelium

Artery

Vein

Artery

Vein

Red blood

cells

Basal lamina

Capillary

Red blood cell

Capillary

Arteriole

Venule

Valve

100

m

15

m

LM

LM

Slide14

Blood pressure

Arterial blood pressure is highest during systole (contraction)

Pulse – rhythmic bulging of the artery walls with each heart beat.

Diastole – relaxation phase, arteries go back to normal, lower pressure

Slide15

Homeostasis

T

o

maintain blood pressure as best it can

...Arterioles will dilate or constrictEndocrine and nervous system will produce Nitric oxide that will induce vasodilation, regulating blood

pressureGravity – you will faint to get head level to heart, increasing blood flow to brainGiraffes have higher systolic pressure, 250mmHgLymphatic system – gains liters of fluid (lymph) a day begin lost from capillaries.Lymph nodes – contain cells that destroy bacteria and viruses.

Slide16

Figure 34.12

Interstitial

fluid

Lymphatic

vessel

Lymphatic

vessel

Blood

capillary

Tissue cells

Lymph node

Masses of

defensive

cells

Lymphaticvessels

Lymph nodes

Peyer’s patches(small intestine)

Appendix(cecum)

Thymus(immunesystem)

Adenoid

Tonsils

Spleen

Slide17

Blood

55% plasma – liquid made of water, proteins, wastes, gas

45% - formed elements

Erythrocytes – red blood cells

Red biconcave disksNo nucleusFormed in red bone marrow

Leukocytes – white blood cellsImmune system5 typesThrombocytes – plateletsBlood clotting

Slide18

Figure 34.13

Separated

blood

elements

Solvent for

carrying other

substances

Plasma 55%

Cellular elements 45%

Constituent

Major functions

Osmotic balance,

pH buffering,

and regulationof membranepermeability

Water

Ions (bloodelectrolytes)

SodiumPotassiumCalciumMagnesiumChlorideBicarbonate

Osmotic balance,pH buffering

Clotting

Defense

Fibrinogen

Plasma proteins

Albumin

Immunoglobulins

(antibodies)

Substances transported by blood

Nutrients (such as glucose, fatty

acids, vitamins)

Waste products of metabolism

Respiratory gases (O

2

and CO

2

)

Hormones

Functions

Leukocytes (white blood cells)

Transport

of O

2

and

some CO

2

Cell type

Number

per

L (mm

3

)

of blood

Basophils

Lymphocytes

Eosinophils

Neutrophils

Monocytes

Platelets

Erythrocytes (red blood cells)

250,000–400,000

5,000,000–

6,000,000

Blood

clotting

5,000–10,000

Defense

and

immunity

Slide19

Cardiovascular disease

Disorders of heart and blood vessels

Cholesterol

Atherosclerosis – hardening of the arteries by fatty deposits

heart attack – myocardial infarction – damage or death of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from a blockage of one or more coronary arteries

Stroke – death of nervous tissue in the brain due to lack of oxygen.Hypertension – high blood pressure – damages endothelium in arteries, promoting plaque build up

Slide20

Gas Exchange

Uptake of oxygen from the environment and the discharge of carbon dioxide to the environment

Respiratory medium – conditions for gas exchange, water or air.

Easier to breath in air, air is less dense and less viscous so easier to move and to force through passageways.

In water, more demanding. Less dissolved oxygen in water compared to air

Warmer and saltier the water, the less oxygen content.Puts higher energy expenditure on lobsters and fish

Slide21

Respiration surfaces

Cells that carry out gas exchange have a plasma membrane that must be in contact with an aqueous solution.

Exchange takes place by diffusion, proportional to the surface area on which it occurs

Hence why most respiratory organs are folded or branched

Slide22

Respiratory organs

Sponges, cnidarians and flatworms – cells on surface

Marine worms –

parapodium

– flat appendagesAmphibians, earthworms – skinAquatic animals – gills

Insects – tracheal system – network of tubesAmphibians (limited), most reptiles, birds and mammals depend on lungs

Slide23

Figure 34.20

Bronchiole

Bronchus

Right lung

Trachea

(Esophagus)

Larynx

Pharynx

(Heart)

Terminal

bronchiole

Left

lung

Nasal

cavity

Capillaries

Alveoli

Dense capillary bed

enveloping alveoli

(SEM)

Branch of

pulmonary vein

(oxygen-rich

blood)

Branch of pulmonary

artery (oxygen-poor

blood)

50

m

Diaphragm

Slide24

Mammalian respiratory system

Nose – filtered , warmed, humidified,

and

sampled

for odorsLarynxTrachea – windpipeBronchi – 2 branches

Bronchioles – branchesAlveoli – simple squamous – diffusion of gas exchange

Slide25

Breathing

Alternating inhalation and exhalation of air

Positive pressure breathing – fill lungs with forced air – amphibians

negative pressure breathing – pulling air into the lungs – mammals

Tidal volume – volume of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath

Slide26

Figure 34.22

Inhalation:

Diaphragm contracts

(moves down).

Diaphragm

Exhalation:

Diaphragm relaxes

(moves up).

Lung

Air

inhaled.

Air

exhaled.

Rib cageexpands asrib musclescontract.

Rib cage getssmaller asrib musclesrelax.

1

2

Slide27

Control of breathing

involuntary

Nervous system – medulla oblongata mainly responsible

Built in buffering system –

Water reacts with water and forms carbonic acid.Carbonic acid can then dissociate into a bicarbonate ion and a hydrogen ion.

Slide28

Figure 34.23-4

Carotid

arteries

Response:

Signals from

medulla to rib

muscles and

diaphragm

increase rateand depth ofventilation.

Homeostasis:Blood pH of about 7.4

CO2 leveldecreases.

Stimulus:Rising level of CO2in tissues lowersblood pH.

Sensor/controlcenter:

Aorta

Cerebro-spinalfluid

Medullaoblongata

Slide29

Respiratory adaptations of diving mammals

Ex. Weddell seal of Antarctica

Ability to store large amounts of oxygen

Myoglobin – oxygen storing protein found in muscles.

Swim with little muscle movementBlood supply to muscles can be constricted

Use fermentation rather than respiration