Presentation on theme: "“ 2018 Elections: Dialogue for Sustainable Democratic Elections in Zimbabwe"— Presentation transcript
Slide1
“2018 Elections: Dialogue for Sustainable Democratic Elections in Zimbabwe.” Slide2
Constitutionalism and Legal framework of election in Zimbabwe Identifying key gaps. Slide3
Ice- Breaking reflectionDemocracy
without credible, free and fair elections is implausible. To date, no acceptable substitute to elections has been found to express popular choice. In other words, popular legitimacy to rule flows from the ballot box rather than the barrel of a gun. Elections are the building blocks of
democracy
but to serve that salutary purpose, they have to be both
substantively
free
and
procedurally
fair (Bratton, 2014, 183). Slide4
Democracy Good governance & electionsGood Governance brings
along with it respect
of human rights, the rule of law, effective people’s participation in
development
, as well as transparent and accountable processes and
institutions of democracy:
Demonstrable evidence for a commitment to
the universally
accepted
principles and pillars of
democracy should be non-negotiable in modern –day society
A system that embraces democratic
tenets and
strong democratic institutions that will stand the test of time
underpinned by a strong
legislative
framework is at the heart of sustainable principles of good governance and democracySlide5
The spirit of the Constitution in Electoral systems
Section 67: Political Rights:
free
, fair and regular elections
make
political choices freely
.
to form, to join and to participate in the activities of a political party or organisation of their choice;
campaign
freely and peacefully for a political party or cause;
participate
in peaceful political
activity
Subject to this Constitution
,
the right to
vote in all elections and referendums
(to
stand for election for public
officeSlide6
The spirit of the Constitution in Electoral processes/systems
Section 155 & Section 156
Citizen participation
Peaceful, free, fair
Free from violence and electoral malpractices
Simple, accurate, verifiable, secure and transparent voting system
Political tolerance
Accountability
Transparency
Regular free and fair elections
Neutrality and independence of state institutions supporting democracySlide7
The Electoral Act(2005) and the AmendmentsActs
25/2004
,
17/2007,
1/2008,
3/2012,
5/2014,
6/2014.
3
of
2016
Statutory Instruments
13B/2008,
43/2008,
96/2008,
85/2013.Slide8
Culture of piecemeal electoral amendments
the General Laws Amendment Act (No. 3 of 2016): The GLAA took an omnibus approach to amend and attempt to align 126 Acts with the
Constitution, including the Electoral laws:
Inevitable inadequacies in attention to Electoral laws: Misalignment of the constitution in some respect
the Electoral Amendment Act (No. 6 of 2014) and
the National Prosecuting Authority Act (No. 5 of 2014
] focusses on a narrow consequential amendment
SI 85/2013- Rushed through SI to facilitate 2013 elections: Legality questionable
After these amendments there are still significant shortcomings in the Electoral LawSlide9
ZEC: Sole mandate to conduct elections: Section 239Section
3 of GLAA
purportedly confers on the Zimbabwe Electoral Commission, the functions of the registration of voters and abolishes the office of the Registrar-General of voters.
However
The Section gives a substantial role to the office of the former Registrar-General of Voters, in his or her capacity as the
R-G of
Births and Deaths, the
R-G
of Citizenship and the
R-G & R-G
of National Registration.
This
is done, it is explained, “to ensure that their respective databases, as they relate to the eligibility or potential eligibility of voters, are in harmony with each other.”Slide10
ZEC: Sole mandate to conduct elections: Section 239 (cont.)
No such role for the RG in the Constitution
GLAA seems to retain the mischief that the Constitution sought to cure
Retention of
role for the abolished office of the registrar general,
albeit
referred to as the former
RGV.
RGV back through
the
backdoor
Its
retention even in a qualified role is astounding, given the troubled history of the RGV’s office and the role it has played in overseeing disputed elections in the past decade.
Crucially the import of the amendment is to bring back institutions that have clearly been made redundant by the constitution. Slide11
ZEC: Sole mandate to conduct elections: Section 239 (cont.)Section 18(4) of the Electoral Act as amended by GLAA is worrying:
It provides that, “The
Commission and the former RGV…… have a
duty to cooperate with each
other
to
ensure that their respective databases, as they relate to the eligibility or potential eligibility of voters, are in harmony with each other.
”
A
constitutionally entrenched
institution is placed
at the same level with the office of the Registrar
General and in certain respects, subjected to the authority of the office of the RGSlide12
RecommendationsThe law should reflect that ZEC has full and sole mandate of election processes
Provisions that misalign the constitution and create ambiguities in relation to the office of the RG should be revisited and clearly articulated to spell out roles
The RG has no role in election processes
ZEC as a constitutional body should not be subjected to authority of any other statutory/subsidiary bodySlide13
Right to VoteSection 67 (1) of Constitution provides that ALL citizens are entitled to political rights including the right to vote in free, fair and regular elections; this does not discriminate between citizens in or outside the country.
Section 1(1) of the Fourth Schedule to the Constitution places two qualifications to the right to vote:
a) Above 18
b) Zimbabwean citizen
Section 1(2)
of the 4
th
Schedule to the Constitution allows
for prescription of further requirements through a subsidiary
law, subject
to Section 67 ( Political Rights
)
Electoral Act does not provide for mechanisms for non-resident Diaspora citizens to register to vote and to cast ballotsSlide14
Right to voteGLAA
amends Section 72 of the principal Act and clarifies on who may vote by post. The Act now clearly limits this to the following categories:
(a) on duty as members of the disciplined office
(b) On duty as an electoral officer
(c) On Government duty outside Zimbabwe
(d) Outside Zimbabwe as the spouse of a person on Government
duty
What about the child of the person on duty? What about a Zimbabwean outside but not covered by the four categories?
What about
the infirm, the elderly and those
incarcerated
?Slide15
RecommendationsClarity on Diaspora vote
Section 72 of the Act potentially unconstitutional. May require further amendmentsSlide16
Voter RegistrationSection 239 of Constitution sets out some key functions of ZEC:
to register voters; to compile the voters’ rolls and registers; and to ensure the
proper custody
and
maintenance
of voters’ rolls and registers.
Electoral Law lags behind in providing for above functions
as it conflates some of these the
functions
with the office of
the Registrar-General of Voters and his
officials ( e.g. Section 18)
The shared responsibility where the Registrar-General in the electoral law may create problems in terms of accountability and independence of the
CommissionIt is ultra vires the constitutionSlide17
RecommendationSection 18 of Electoral Act should unambiguously give ZEC the sole mandate over voter registration, compiling voters’ roll & registers as well as proper custody and maintenance of the voters’ rolls/registers.
ZEC must create its own structures nationally and in the provinces and districts for its operations and have its own separate databases pertaining to the Voters' rollSlide18
Access to Electoral InformationSection 155(1)(d) of Constitution provides that all political parties and candidates in an election have reasonable access to all material and information necessary for effective participation;
2013 experience showed marked non-compliance with this provision;
no stakeholders had access to the electronic version of voters’ roll and printed copy only availed two days before polling.
MDC v. ZEC and the broken machine of the
RGV
Failure to avail necessary information undermines the validity and legitimacy of the electionsSlide19
RecommendationsElectoral Law must have clarity on provisions setting out measures to ensure access to voters information in accordance with Section 155 of the Constitution
Need for Clear provisions on consequences and remedies against failure to provide the voters roll when requested by interested parties in terms of the law.Slide20
The Biometric conundrumPresently, there is no biometric voter
registration (BVR)
leading to a biometric voters’ roll and biometric voting;
BVR
has been credited in other African countries (recently in Nigeria) for enhancing the effectiveness, accuracy and efficiency of a voting process.
ZEC has indicated that it is at advanced stages of implementing BVR
Currently no regulations on its operationalisationSlide21
RecommendationsNeed
for
regulations
that clearly articulate how the
(BVR)
system will be rolled out
Massive
voter education campaign on its use
Resourcing of the BVR system
Timely roll out of BVRSlide22
Minister’s role in electoral processes tantamount to interference
GLAA introduces a new
section 18(5) of the Electoral
Act that
gives the Minister power to make regulations, after consultation with the Commission and the former Registrar-General of Voters,
The
regulations may provide for the following:
(a) the manner of dealing with any confidential
information in
the custody of the former Registrar-General of
Voters and
the conditions under which it may be shared with
the Commission
; and(b) the resolution of any discrepancies between the records of the former Registrar-General of Voters and those of the Commission
; and(c) the resolution of any disputes whatsoever that may arise between the Commission and the former
Registrar-General of
Voters; and
(d) Mandatory automatic and electronic voter registration.Slide23
Minister’s role in electoral processes tantamount to interferenceFirstly such an intrusive power into information regarding the voters rolls amounts to interference with the mandate of a constitutionally mandated body.
These
powers are not supported by any constitutional
provision
Secondly
, from the reading of the provision the minister is given a free reign to come up with the regulations without taking into consideration
views
of the Commission, as confirmed by the use of the words, “after consultation.”
This
is bizarre considering that the regulations may affect the operations of ZEC, which is supposed to be an independent, impartial body.
The
minister is
not: He
is invariably a political contestant during an election period.
The Act cannot introduce provisions that potentially undermine the independence, impartiality and effectiveness of the CommissionSlide24
Minister’s role in electoral processes tantamount to interferenceThirdly the retention of the role of the RGV is
worrying pitted in a match against the Commission with the Minister as the umpire.
This is objectionable to the extent it is inconsistent with the Constitution.
As already pointed out above, there is no place for the RGV under the current constitutional dispensationSlide25
RecommendationsThe minister and the RGV should have no role in the management of elections.
Amendments to the Act should be brought and the minister should be stripped of any powers to legislate in election processes as an interested party
What
would be sensible and in accordance with the law, is to give the law-making powers, in terms of regulations and rules, to ZEC itself as the only constitutionally mandated body to conduct electionsSlide26
ZEC and Voter registrationGLAA introduces a new
section 19
to
the Principal Act
that clearly
spells out that voter registration shall be conducted by the Commission through its voter registration officers
The officers can be employees
of the Commission and who may be appointed to this office conjunctively with any other office as an electoral officer) or
any
persons whom the Commission may from time to time appoint to assist in voter registration
.
This to some extent
reflects the letter and spirit of Section 239 of the Constitution as it makes it clear that voters’ registration is to be Conducted by the Commission through its voter registration officers.
The
concern here is that the provision allows for the Commission to, ‘appoint persons from time to time to assist in voter registration’Slide27
RecommendationsIt may have been desirable to indicate certain requirements for such persons in order to ensure that they are persons who can impartially discharge such duties to the threshold set by the
Constitution.
For
example it would be undesirable to appoint persons who are in the security
sector
The often repeated problem of ZEC staff has to be decisively dealt with.Slide28
Boundary DelimitationSection 157 of the Constitution provides for delimitation of electoral boundaries every ten years soon after a national population census. This function is bestowed upon ZEC;
Last delimitation was done by the Delimitation Commission in 2007,
the last population census was in 2012 but no delimitation done since then
2013 elections used 2007 boundariesSlide29
RecommendationsIt is imperative for ZEC to carry out electoral boundary delimitation before the 2018 elections
Important that delimitation exercises be done as per the Constitution i.e. soon after the population census. Slide30
Code of Conduct for electionsThe Electoral Law provides for a Code of Conduct for political parties, candidates, and other persons participating in elections and referendums; First & Fourth Schedule of the Act
The law also provides for Multi-Party Liaison Committees (MPLCs) to enforce Code of Conduct and assist ZEC in managing inter-party conflict. ( Part XXIA) of the Act
Constitution also codifies several rules regarding the non-partisan role of institutions involved in running elections;(Section 155 & 156 of the Constitution)
Code of Conduct normally exists but is not seriously observed and no penalties for non-compliance.Slide31
RecommendationsNeed to bridge the implementation gap between the law and practice e.g. Code of Conduct exists but not seriously observed and no penalties for non-compliance.
MPLCs are sometimes set up but have no teeth and are hardly effective.
These are useful non-judicial platforms that could be effectively utilised by political parties if there is a consensus, to ensure an election is held in harmony Slide32
Filling proportional representation seatsNew Constitution and Electoral Law provides for proportional representation in Senate as well as for 60 seats reserved for women in the National Assembly.
However, there is a gap as there are no specific time-lines for filling vacancies that during the life of a given Parliament.
Section 39(3) refers to, “as soon as possible…
The result has seen many vacancies not filled for extended periods. Slide33
Recommendations“For the avoidance of doubt the electoral Law needs to fill the gap in the present legislation by specifying the time period within which vacant representation seats must be filled. Slide34
Devolution-provincial CouncilsChapter 14 is devoted to establishment of provincial and local government structures
Section 264 of the Constitution provides for devolution and election to Provincial Councils on party-list proportional representation system.
Devolution provisions not implemented – No enabling legislation and Provincial Councils not set up two years after 2013 elections.
Also gap in having no provisions for filling of vacancies and election of provincial chairpersons as provided for in Constitution Slide35
RecommendationsElectoral Law must provide for filling of vacancies and election of provincial, Metropolitan councils and chairpersons as provided for in ConstitutionSlide36
Election ObservationSection 239(i) of Constitution vests ZEC with sole responsibility for accrediting election observers.
Electoral Law at variance with Constitution in that it vests responsibility to multi-actor Observers Accreditation Committee that includes ZEC.
The OAC is packed with political appointees.
one
person nominated by the Office of the President and Cabinet;
one
person nominated by the Minister; and
one
person nominated by the Minster responsible for foreign affairs; and
one
person nominated by the Minster responsible for immigration.Slide37
RecommendationsImperative to align legislation to Constitution - Electoral Law must clearly invest ZEC with sole responsibility and function for accrediting election observersSlide38
Media accessSection 155 (d) of the Constitution provides that all political parties and candidates contesting an election must have fair and equal access to electronic and print media, both public and private.
However, the provision is routinely not observed, especially by public media and there is no effective enforcement mechanism – no mechanism for monitoring compliance and no consequences are specified for non-compliance.Slide39
RecommendationsElectoral Law reflects the constitutional position but the conduct and practice needs to align with the constitution as required by Section 2 & 44 of the ConstitutionSlide40
Elections ChallengesChallenging the validity of an election of a President or Vice-President by an aggrieved candidate is directed to the Constitutional Court within seven days of announcement of election results.
However, there is a lacuna as no procedural details are specified Slide41
RecommendationsElectoral Law or court rules should specify details of the procedures to be followed including issues relating to the admission of oral evidence and other related evidence to ensure a fair and just dispute resolution Slide42
Public complaintsConstitution (section 239(j)) mandates ZEC to receive and consider complaints from the public (e.g. over unequal media coverage during campaigns) and to take appropriate action; this seeks to reduce congestion of cases to regular courts (and attendant delays in dealing with them) as well as the costs involved.
Section 190 of the Act provides for the complaints mechanisms
However the “prescribed manner and procedure is not available”
Past experience shows little implementation of this provision.Slide43
RecommendationsElectoral Law should set out a clear public complaints handling mechanism by ZEC with clear enforceable powers that ZEC can exercise in dispute resolution Slide44
Electoral CourtThe Electoral Act provides for an Electoral Court as a separate court with exclusive jurisdiction to hear electoral appeals, applications and petitions. However, the judges are seconded to the Electoral Court from the High Court and the law bars them from presiding over both courts during the election period; this was not observed in the July 2013 elections. (See section 183 of the Constitution)
In the last elections, a prohibitive $10,000 deposit as security was set by the Registrar of the Court before each petition was to be heard. The high cost of filing petitions discouraged genuine challenges of an election outcome. Slide45
RecommendationsElectoral Law must ensure the appointment of judges to the Electoral Court who are not presiding over any other court during the election period.
The law should stipulate a maximum and reasonable amount payable as security deposit by aggrieved election contestants.
The Electoral Court, like other electoral institutions, should be adequately resourced to effectively perform its mandate.Slide46
Voter educationSection 239 of the Constitution provides for ZEC to conduct and supervise voter education (VE). Electoral Law provides that VE should be adequate, accurate and unbiased.
However, there is no clarity on distinction between VE, voter information and civic education.
Experience is that ZEC has not been able to fulfil this mandate due to financial and time limitations.
Section 40D-Commencement of VE time frames – not later than a week after proclamation or fixing of election dates. The time provided is inadequate for comprehensive and thorough VE.
ZEC function to provide VE not adequately funded by Government as provided for in law
Disabled e.g. visually impaired and the deaf – no law provides for their access to VE. Slide47
Voter educationThe amendment to section 40C present onerous requirement for voter educators:
Eg
.:
(
1)(i) adds the words, ‘current’ and ‘correct’. The words are open to various interpretation. What is meant by current? This provision may be used to disqualify various voter education material on the basis that it is not current.
- The provision that such voter education material should be submitted for scrutiny opens further challenges of material being held at the Commission with no approval being given, or approval denied on flimsy grounds by the CommissionSlide48
RecommendationsElectoral Law must make VE a shared function by providing for more players and stakeholders in a timely manner;
ZEC must be adequately funded for VE.
Authorities must consider having VE throughout the electoral cycle as is the case with voter registration.
Electoral Law should clarify definition of voter education in relation to voter information and civic education;
The law must provide for arrangements for VE for visually impaired and the deaf.
The laws must encourage voter education by other actors Slide49
Independence of Electoral CommissionSection 235 (1) (a) of Constitution guarantees the independence of constitutional commissions, including ZEC.
P
rovides for the protection of the independence, impartiality and dignity of the Commission.
ZEC not subject to the direction or control of anyone though accountable to Parliament; no person to interfere with ZEC’s functions.
Every Commissioner and ZEC staff member to perform their functions independently;
I
ndependence
seriously compromised by ZEC having to:
(a)
report to ‘parent’ Ministry of Justice, Legal and Parliamentary Affairs;
(
b)
Subjecting regulations made in terms of the Act and the Constitution to the approval of a minister before being promulgated ( Section 192(6)
(C) receive
funding from ‘parent’ Ministry and
not
directly from Consolidated Revenue
Fund
Requiring approval from minister on budgetary allocation and receipt of certain resources ( See section 12)Slide50
Recommendations
Electoral Law must provide for full autonomy of ZEC by:
(a) establishing an independent reporting mechanism e.g. to Parliament and not to a ‘parent’ Ministry;
Removing the role of the minister from promulgation of regulations by the Commission
(b) ensuring that ZEC gets funding directly from the Consolidated Revenue FundSlide51
Special voting: A fait Accompli?Not provided for either the Constitution or in Electoral Act.
Special Voting enables electoral officials and the security services on duty on Election Day to vote in advance.
Facility can be extended to party agents, observers, candidates and hospital staff thereby protecting their rights to vote.
The last experience in implementing this innovation was fraught with serious challenges resulting in 41% of those entitled to vote being disenfranchised.Slide52
RecommendationsParliament has two options. Either (a) to regularise Special Voting by providing for it in Electoral Law OR (b) reinstate postal voting.
Should Special Voting be retained, ZEC is to ensure that the legal, administrative and logistical arrangements are put in place before voting day.Slide53
Conclusion
In the absence of an urgent
genuine
multi-stakeholder, self-
introspective
,
reflective,
selfless
conversations followed up by a concrete plan of action to address the underlying challenges that undermine the whole electoral cycle, Zimbabwe is headed for another seriously contested, and possibly violent election with far-reaching negative political, economic and social consequences
