And Enzymes Do Nowon TuesdayWednesdays Box List the three accessory organs and at least one function for each Accessory Organ 1 Function of accessory organ 1 Accessory Organ 2 Function of accessory organ ID: 458666
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Slide1
Accessory Organs
And EnzymesSlide2
Do Now—on Tuesday/Wednesday’s Box
List the three accessory organs and at least one function for each.
Accessory Organ #1: Function of accessory organ #1
Accessory Organ
#2:
Function of accessory organ
#2
Accessory Organ
#3:
Function of accessory organ
#
3Slide3
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Accessory OrgansSlide4
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Small intestine secretions
Pancreas
secretes
pancreatic juice
containing:
Bicarbonate
neutralizes stomach acid
Pancreatic amylase
:
carbohydrates into sugars
Pancreatic proteases
:
proteins into amino acids
Pancreatic lipases
: fats into fatty acids
Brush border
secretes digestive enzymes
Liver
secretes
bile
which emulsifies fat (breaks up droplets) so lipases can access molecules
Gall bladder
stores
bileSlide5
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Accessory Organs Secrete Digestive Juices
Liver
A major player in the digestion, absorption, and transport of nutrients
Is essential in carbohydrate metabolism
Produces proteins
Manufactures bile salts that are used to digest fats
Is the site of alcohol metabolism
Removes and degrades toxins and excess hormonesSlide6
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Liver & portal systemSlide7
The Accessory Organs Secrete Digestive Juices
Gallbladder
Receives bile from the liver via common hepatic duct
Concentrates bile
Releases bile into small intestine via common bile ductPancreasEndocrine function—releases hormones to maintain blood glucose levelsExocrine function—secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.Slide8
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
How Is Food Chemically Digested?
Chemical digestion is:
Aided by digestive enzymes and other substances
Regulated by hormones
Completed by the time the food reaches the large intestineSlide9
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
How is Food Chemically Digested? (cont'd)
Enzymes are proteins that drive the process of digestion.
They catalyze (or speed up)
hydrolysis
, the chemical reaction that uses water to split chemical bonds of digested foods.
Three conditions must be present for enzymes to work:
The compatible enzyme and nutrient must both be present.
Enzymes are compatible only with a specific compound or nutrient (substrate).Named according to the substrate they act upon, plus the suffix -aseExample: Sucrase hydrolyzes sucroseSlide10
How Is Food Chemically Digested? (cont'd)
The pH of the surrounding environment must fall within the correct range.
Enzymes are most active and efficient within a certain range of acidity and alkalinity.
Outside of that range the enzyme activity is decreased or halted.
The temperature of the environment must be optimal.Enzyme activity is slowed with too low a temperature and halted when the temperature is too high.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.Slide11
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
An Enzyme in ActionSlide12
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.Slide13
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.Slide14
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Gallbladder Disease
Diagnosed most frequently in women and older Americans
Obesity and rapid weight loss are contributing factors.
An unhealthy gallbladder can create
gallstones.
Stones are formed from cholesterol in the gallbladder or bile duct.
Treatment includes surgery for gallbladder removal, prescription medication, shock-wave therapy, or a combination of therapies.
The body eventually adapts to the removal of the gallbladder by secreting bile directly into the duodenum.Slide15
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Gallstones
Solid material accumulates in the
gall bladder
and/or
bile ducts
and blocks
bile
Symptom: pain
After
gall bladder
removal,
bile
drips into the
small intestines
rather than being secreted when fat is consumed so fat content of meals needs to be reducedSlide16
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
GallstonesSlide17
DOL—Tuesday/Wednesday’s Box
In
the digestive system, what does the liver
do?
a. Stores fatb. Produces bilec. Mechanically digests foodd. Stores swallowed food and liquidIn what part of the digestive system would you find bile?a. Stomachb. Small intestinec. Pancreasd. Gall bladderWhich of the following factors affects the effectiveness of an enzyme?a. temperatureb. pHc.
colord. all of the abovee. A and B only