Bleeding and Wounds - PowerPoint Presentation

Bleeding and Wounds Providing First Aide

Wounds involve injury to soft tissues. classifications Open-break in skin Closed-no break in skin or mucous membrane…injury occurs to underlying tissue

Open………… ………...closed

Complications Bleeding Infection Tetanus (lockjaw) Serious infection caused by bacteria

Classification of wounds Abrasion Skin is scraped off Bleeding limited Dirt and contaminants often enter this type of wound….prevent infection

Incision Injury caused by sharp object (knife, scissors, razor) Edges of wound smooth If deep bleeding –heavy Damage to muscles, nerves, tissues possible

Laceration Tearing of tissues by excessive force Jagged, irregular edges Bleeding-heavyContamination may lead to infection

Puncture Cause by sharp object (pin, nail, pointed instrument) Bleeding-limited….but internal bleeding can occur Chance of infection is increased Tetanus may develop if tetanus bacteria present

Avulsion Tissues are torn or separated form the victim’s body Can result in a piece of tissue hanging from the ear, nose, hand, etc. Bleeding-heavy Care should be taken to preserve the body part while caring for the wound

Amputation Body part is cut off and separated from body Loss of finger, toe, hand or other body part Care must be taken to preserve the body part…surgeon may be able to reattach

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9up5Hy5lMrE&oref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D9up5Hy5lMrE&has_verified=1

First aid-amputation Wrap part in cold moist dressing Use sterile water or normal saline if available Place wrapped part in plastic bag to keep moist Keep bag cool or put in ice water NEVER place body part directly on ice Transport body part with the victim

Controlling bleeding First priority Possible to bleed to death in short period of time

Types of bleeding Arterial Blood spurts Heavy blood loss Bright red LIFE THREATENING

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-fFHikNgkuE

Venous Blood loss is slower, steady Dark red, maroon Easier to control

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0tpiWsGWwaw

Capillary Blood oozes

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z-_JB6sErNI

Always use….. Standard Precautions Gloves Thick layers of dressings Avoid contact of blood with your skin Wash hands ASAP after giving first aid to victim

Four main methods to control bleeding Direct pressure Apply pressure directly to wound with dressing If no dressing available- Use clean cloth In major emergency may have to use bare hand….but this should be avoided if possible

Direct pressure cont. Apply pressure 5-10 minutes If blood soaks through…cont to add dressings Do not disturb dressing….clotting Pressure will usually stop bleeding.

2. Elevation Raise injured part above level of heart. Gravity will decrease blood flow Continue to apply direct pressure while elevating Do not elevate if fractures suspected

3. Pressure bandage Applied to hold dressing in place Maintain direct pressure & elevation while applying pressure bandage Check pulse site below bandage to make sure bandage is not too tight Pulse present No discoloration of skin Loosen or replace bandage if circulation is impaired.

4. Pressure on pressure points Used when other steps do not relieve bleeding. Apply pressure to main artery and press it against underlying bone Should not be used any longer than absolutely necessary

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a2zwU2c-HZo

2 main pressure points Brachial artery-located half way between elbow and axilla (armpit) Femoral artery in leg-located in groin

cont When bleeding stops… Slowly release pressure on pressure point Continue direct pressure & elevation If bleeding starts again, reapply pressure to pressure point

First aid for minor wounds without severe bleeding Wash hands Gloves Wash wound with soap and water Wipe in outward direction away from the wound Sterile gauze if available Discard gauze after each use….and use a new gauze each time

Signs of Infection Swelling Heat Redness Pain Fever Pus Red streaks

Tetanus Caused by clostridium tetani Enters most commonly through puncture wounds Causes painful muscular spasms that can lead to respiratory failure and in 40% death.

Embedded objects Splinters Small pieces of glass Etc… Remove gently with sterile tweezers or clean with alcohol or disinfectant Objects embedded in tissues should be left in place and removed by physician

Closed wounds bruise Cold applications to reduce swelling

Serious closed wounds Internal bleeding may lead to death s/s: Pain Tenderness Swelling Deformity Cold and clammy Rapid & weak pulse Drop in B/P

Serious closed wounds cont… Uncontrolled restlessness Excessive thirst Vomited blood Blood in urine or feces

Cont… Get help ASAP Check breathing and check for shock Avoid unnecessary movement Avoid giving food or fluid

Shock Shock is defined as a clinical set of signs and symptoms that are associated with an inadequate supply of blood to body organs especially brain and heat. Shock can lead to death even though victim’s injuries or illness may not be fatal Can occur with any injury or illness requiring first aid.

Causes of Shock Hemorrhage or excessive loss of blood Excessive pain or infection Heart attack or stroke Poisoning by chemicals, drugs, or gases Lack of oxygen Psychological trauma Dehydration from burns, vomiting, or diarrhea

8 Main Types of Shock Anaphylactic Cardiogenic Causes: allergic reaction to food, medications, insect stings, bites, or snake bites. Blood pressure drops, Urticaria (hives) and respiratory distress may occur Causes: damage to heart muscle from heart attack or cardiac arrest

Types of Shock cont.. Hemorrhagic Metabolic Causes: severe bleeding or loss of blood plasma Decrease in blood volume causes blood pressure to drop Decreased blood flow to body cells Causes: loss of body fluid from severe vomiting, diarrhea, or a heat illness Also caused by disruption in acid-base balance as occurs in diabetes. Blood Pressure drops

Types of Shock cont… Neurogenic Psychogenic Causes: Injury and trauma to brain and\or spinal cord Blood vessels dilate and blood pressure drops Causes: emotional distress such as anger, fear, or grief Emotional response causes sudden dilation of blood vessels Some individuals faint

Types of Shock cont.. Respiratory Septic Causes: Trauma to respiratory tract; respiratory distress or arrest (chronic disease, choking) Causes: acute infection such as toxic shock syndrome Blood pressure drops When shock occurs, the body attempts to increase blood flow to the brain, heart, and vital organs by reducing blood flow to other body parts.

Signs and Symptoms of Shock Skin is pale or bluish-gray in color; Check nail beds and mucous membrane around the mouth Skin is cool or cold to the touch Diaphoresis or excessive perspiration, clammyRapid and weak pulse At times radial pulse is too weak to be felt Check pulse at carotid artery of this occurs Respirations are rapid, shallow, and may be irregular

Signs and Symptoms cont.. Blood pressure is very low and may not be obtainable General weakness Victim becomes listless and confusedEventually victim looses consciousnessAnxiety and extreme restlessness Excessive thirst Nausea and\or vomiting Blurred vision Eyes appear sunken with vacant or confused expression

Signs and Symptoms cont.. Pupils may become larger, or dilate Tx. Obtain medical help for victim as soon as possible because shock is life threatning

Goals of Treatment for shock Control Bleeding Provide oxygen if available Ease pain through position changeProvide emotional supportImprove circulation Maintain body temperature DO NOT move the victim unless it is necessary to keep out of danger Keep victim lying flat on back to improve circulation Raise feet 12 inches to provide additional blood supply to heart and brain

Cont… Victim vomiting or has bleeding injuries of jaw or mouth Position victim on side Prevents choking on blood, vomitus, ect.Maintain body temperatureCover victim with blankets or additional clothing Avoid overheating Avoid giving victim anything to eat or drink If victim complains of excessive thirst, use wet cloth to moisten lips and mouth and provide comfort