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Chapter 7 LECTURE OUTLINE
The Geography of language
Human Geography
by Malinowski & Kaplan
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Photo © Jon Malinowski.
All rights reserved. Used with permission.Slide2
Chapter 7 Modules
7A Basic Components of Language7B Dialects, Accent, Linguae Francae, Pidgins, & Creoles7C Language Families7D Geography of English7E Language Isolation and Language Extinction7F Toponymy7G Language ConflictCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.7-2Slide3
7A: Basic Components of Language
LanguageA system of communication using sounds, gestures, marks, and signsPhonemesThe sounds in a languageEarly writing was often pictographicSuch as cuneiform7-3Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.Slide4
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7-4Figure 7A.2The Rosetta StoneSlide5
7B: Dialects, etc.
DialectVariations of sounds & vocabulary in a languageAccentDifferences in how a language sounds or is spokenIdiomA language peculiar to a certain group or regionPatoisGenerally refers to rural or provincial speechVernacularAlso refers to a local form of a languageCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.7-5Slide6
7B: Lingua Franca
Lingua FrancaA common language used for cross-cultural communication or for tradeExamples include Kiswalhili, Russian, French,PidginA simplified language used by people who don’t speak the same languageDifferent from a lingua franca because it generally refers to a language that is nobody’s native languageUsually has a simplified vocabularyCreoleA pidgin that is adopted by a group as its primary language7-6Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.Slide7
7C: Language Families
Language FamilyCollection of languages with a common ancestorToday, 6,800 languages grouped into about 120 language families7-7Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.Slide8
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7-8Figure 7C.3Major Language FamiliesSlide9
7D: Geography of English
“Standard” English is known as Received Pronunciation (RP)The English of educated British speakers in LondonAmerican English starts splitting 500 years agoRegional dialects and pidgins such as GullahDistinct varieties in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, India, etc.7-9Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.Slide10
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7-10Figure 7D.1English TodaySlide11
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7-11Figure 7D.2Dialect Areas in the U.S.Slide12
7E: Language Isolation & Extinction
Languages change over space & timeLanguage DivergenceWhen a language splits into two new languagesLatin became French, Spanish, Romanian, etc.Language ConvergenceWhen two languages merge into oneLanguage IsolateA language that belongs to no language familyLanguage ExtinctionThe death of a language300 languages have died since the year 15007-12Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.Slide13
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7-13Figure 7E.2Nearly Extinct LanguagesSlide14
7F: Toponymy
The study of place namesA place name can reflect:Physical featuresStony PointA function that happened at a placeMinersville, PACurrent or past cultures in the areaIdeas such as PatriotismIndependence, MOCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.7-14Slide15
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7-15Figure 7F.2Classical Town NamesAfter ZelinskySlide16
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7-16Figure 7F.3Unusual Place NamesSlide17
7G: Language Conflict
Conflict over language and place names is commonMacedonia’s name angered GreeceIsraelis and Palestinians have changed names to indicated control of a spaceArabian Gulf or Persian Gulf?Official language debates in the U.S.Quebec nationalist movementsThe French battle against loan wordsCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.7-17