G671 Learning Objectives Individually Briefly write down what you think the differences are between race ethnicity and nationality Ext Give examples for each Race Ethnicity amp Nationality ID: 614101
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Slide1
Ethnic Identities
G671Slide2
Learning ObjectivesSlide3
Individually
Briefly write down what you think the differences are between
race, ethnicity
and
nationality.
Ext: - Give examples for each.Slide4
Race, Ethnicity & Nationality
Concept
Meaning
Race
Biological
differences, linked to
phenotypes
(physical characteristics) and
genotypes
(underlying
genetic differences).
Race is an increasingly outdated concept.
Ethnicity
Groups
within society that share things like
culture, traditions, language, religion, race, ancestry etc.
Nationality
A sense of ‘belonging’ to a particular nation through origin,
birth or
naturalisation.Slide5Slide6
Ethnicity
Modood
(2005)
Ethnicity involves many factors. These can be influenced by where a person was born, where they live now and where their ancestors were from.
An
ethnic identity
means that someone has some kind of
cultural attachment
to others and often a shared sense of pride.
“In the contemporary UK, ethnicity has become something that everyone has.” (Banton; 2000)Slide7
Discuss
Which ethnic groups are present in the contemporary UK?
In pairs, select an ethnic identity that is present in the UK and identify some norms and values associated with it, using the following headings:
Food, Language, Religion, Tradition,
Values
(5
mins
– then present)
Keyword:
‘Super-diversity’Slide8
Race & Ethnicity
Sometimes, racial differences can form part of an individual’s ethnic identity.
For example,
Modood
(1997) found that African-
Caribbeans
in the UK were more likely to describe skin-colour as part of their ethnicity than South Asians, who claimed
religion
was the defining feature of their ethnicity.
However, ethnic differences go deeper than racial factors. For example, Polish and British people are technically part of the same (‘Caucasian’) race, so differences between the two must be
cultural, not biological.Slide9
Ethnic Minorities & Assimilation
In the contemporary UK, we usually think about ethnicity in relation to
ethnic minorities
.
Often we think about ethnic minorities in relation to their skin colour, but this ignores the huge variety of
White
minority-ethnic groups also present in the UK
(e.g. Greek Cypriots, Jews, Gypsies, Irish).
Assimilation
assumes that ethnic minority groups arriving in the UK will abandon their own culture and adopt that of their ‘immigrant hosts’ – British Culture.
This rarely occurs and it is debated as to whether or not assimilation has any place in a multicultural
society. Slide10
In Pairs
Suggest
a minimum of three
ways in which the UK could ensure that immigrants are
assimilated
into British Culture.
Ext: -
Is it right that we insist immigrants are assimilated?Slide11
INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITY
Take a UK Citizenship Test.
http://www.ukcitizenshiptest.co.uk/
http://www.officiallifeintheuk.co.uk/test
/
(You need 75% correct answers to pass the actual test!).Slide12
Discuss
What is ‘British Culture’?*
*Not just ‘English’ culture, remember!Slide13
What is British Culture?
Fish & Chips
St. George
Cup of tea
Christianity
Football
The English Language
Tennis
Haggis
The Royal FamilySlide14
What is British Culture?
Fish & Chips
–
(debated; probably Portuguese – though chips themselves either French or Belgian)
St. George
-
Palestinian
Cup of tea
-
Chinese
Christianity - IsraeliFootball - Chinese
The English Language
- German
Tennis
-
French
Haggis
- Scandinavian
The Royal Family
–
German/GreekSlide15
Individual Activity (15
mins
)
You have been hired as a sociologist to write an article for a magazine imagining what society in the contemporary UK would be like without rich ethnic diversity.
Write a short article, as above, considering the following factors: Food, Language, Media, Dress/Style, Religion, Education, Sport…Slide16
Learning ObjectivesSlide17
Racism
Discuss:
What is racism?
What different forms can it take?
Have you ever experienced racism?
If so, how did it make you feel?Slide18
Racism
Individuals often make stereotypical and imagined assumptions about other ethnic groups. These reinforce assumptions about their own cultural identities. If a group is powerful, these assumptions might be racist and result in prejudice and discrimination.
(Miles; 1989)Slide19
Racism
Different classes express racism in different ways. The upper classes stress their superior breeding, while working-classes practice
territorial racism
, seeing ethnic minority culture as threatening their communities and jobs.
(P. Cohen; 1988)
https
://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=6MYHBrJIIFU
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pXn3fZQEZlQSlide20
Resisting Racism
Experiencing Racism can strengthen a person’s sense of ethnic identity:
Young Pakistanis often adopt a strong Islamic identity as a defence against racism and social exclusion.
(Jacobson; 1997)
Young African-
Caribbeans
often adopt identities based on ethnic history and pop culture (e.g.
Gangsta
rap and hip-hop) to challenge racism and exclusion
(Gilroy; 1993)Slide21
Hybrid Identities
Hybridity
refers to a “mixing of cultures”. This can blur the differences between ethnic groups.
Young people often experiment with different ‘masks’ and styles, so hybrid identities are rarely fixed.
(Back; 1996).
Johal
&
Bains
(1998
) found some young people had
Dual Identities – e.g. Brasians – different identity with friends, peers, school.
Code Switching
– is when people switch between these identities (e.g. Behaving one
way with family and another with peers).Slide22
Globalisation
Globalisation encourages ethnic hybridity.
The expansion of mass media enables people to consume products from different parts of the world.
Hybrid cultures can be based around any issue…Slide23
Globalisation & Hybridity
Music
E.g. Brasian
Apache Indian; Jay Sean; Asian Dub Foundation
Food
E.g. Curry
Based on Indian Cuisine; now a ‘national’ UK dish
Clothing
E.g. Saris
Stocked in high street stores in UK
Leisure
E.g. Diwali
Celebrated in UK by range of ethnicities.Slide24
Globalisation & Hybridity
List a minimum of 10 things that Britain has taken from American culture.
What other ethnic hybrids exist in the contemporary UK? How and where were they formed?Slide25Slide26
The Creation & Reinforcement of Ethnic IdentitiesSlide27
1. FamilySlide28
The Family
What is the origin of your family name?
(Research it if unsure...)
How can a person’s family name inform their ethnic identity?Slide29
Socialisation
b
y 1
st
Gen Asian Parents
(
Ghuman
; 1999)
Children raised to be obedient, loyal and respect elders
Choice of education left to parents
Choice of marriage partner left to parents
Religious training considered vital to reinforce values
Children taught to be bilingual as ‘mother tongue’ considered crucialSlide30
FAMILY
Discuss:
How does ‘traditional’ British socialisation differ from
Ghuman’s
observations of traditional Asian socialisation?
Ghuman
observed that many of these practices continued for second-generation Asians...
...But not all of them, and increasingly, a generation gap was opening with children caught “between two cultures”.
http
://
putlocker.is/watch-east-is-east-online-free-putlocker.htmlSlide31
The Family
Languages spoken at home; food eaten at home; clothes selected for children.
Family Values
(For example, Francis & Archer, 2006, showed how British Chinese families valued educational success of children and went to great lengths to help ensure that success).
Structural differences:
Different family structures are more or less often found in different ethnic groups.Slide32
How does the graph show a link between family type & ethnicity?Slide33
2. MASS MEDIA
How are different ethnic minority groups often stereotyped in the media?Slide34
Moore et al (2005)
Five Media Stereotypes of Black People
1. As Criminals
(e.g. in news stories, the ethnicity of a ‘white’ criminal is not mentioned)
2. As a Threat
(“coming over here, taking our jobs...”)
3. As Abnormal
(e.g. Strange cultural practices)
4. As Unimportant
(e.g. Ignoring issues affecting them)
5. As Dependant
(e.g. Images of less developed countries)Slide35
Media
In less diverse areas, media is often the only way people have of understanding other ethnic groups.
Being
stereotyped
, ignored or misrepresented was a norm in British media 1970s-1990s
(
Jhally
; 1992)
– although this is changing due to increase in ethnic-minority stars and writers.Slide36
Media
The Media is responsible for creating many ethnic
hybrids
e.g
through
language
.
Media characters such as
Ali G
, for example, helped create what could almost be considered a new dialect.http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kOZlJiOvXsUSlide37
The Creation & Reinforcement of Ethnic Identities: mass media
In small groups, choose
one
of the following areas and identify examples of positive representations of different ethnic groups:
TV comedy/soap opera
Music
Advertising
The News
Sport
Justify why each is positive.Slide38
3. ReligionSlide39
Religion
What ethnic group do you think most Christians belong to?
Which religious group(s) do you think are most dominant within Asian ethnic groups?
Which ethnic groups do you think are most likely to have no religion?Slide40
Religion
Around 95% of Christians are white.
Asian groups are most likely to be Muslim, Hindu or Sikh. Around 75% of Muslims are Asian, as are around 95% of Hindus and 95% of Sikhs.
Just over 90% of people who have ‘no religion’ are white.
Source: Office of National Statistics; 2001Slide41
Religion
Ethnic minorities in the UK are
significantly more likely
to be religious than ‘white’ people.
Ethnic/Religious identities
overlap
e.g. are Muslims an ethnic or religious identity?
Many of the
cultural aspects
associated with some ethnic groups – e.g. clothing, food, languages, beliefs – come directly from their religion.Slide42
Single-Faith Schools
These are increasingly common in the UK.
It is argued that faith schools are a response to
secularization
?
Faith schools can strengthen religious commitment and ethnic identity.
In pairs, list at least five positive and five negative points about the existence of faith schools within the contemporary UK.Slide43
Religion
World Events
– As a result of
globalisation
, certain world events can create social divisions between religious/ethnic groups in all societies which can strengthen or weaken ethnic identities.
For example, the
September 11
th
2001
attacks and the
Iraq War are considered to have had a significant effect on religious relations in Western countries and beyond – particularly in attitudes towards young Muslim males.Slide44
Religion:Muslims in the UK
Akhtar
(2005)
Muslims have been
othered
in the West.
Religion offers young Muslims
belonging
and
solidarity
.
Religion also provides
political mobilisation
: Radical groups have turned this to their advantage.Slide45
4. EducationSlide46
Education: The Formal Curriculum
The subjects you study – and their content – shapes your ethnic identity...
Mason
(2005) argues that many schools are
ethnocentric
. They evaluate other cultures only from the perspective on their own.
Johal
&
Bains
(1998) argue that some [ethnic minority]children wear a metaphorical
‘white mask’ to fit in with the majority culture.The formal curriculum is generally culturally biased.Slide47
Education: A multicultural rather than ethnocentric curriculum?
Design a
multicultural
curriculum.
For the following subjects, identity types of activities teachers could use that would be multicultural:
Maths/Science
English
Languages
History
Religious Education
Art/Drama/MusicSlide48
Education
Sewell (2000)
Offered a curriculum based on an African-Caribbean perspective, to challenge the dominant one.
However, some argued that the content – with emphasis on
slavery, anti-colonial struggle
and
the Holocaust
– reinforced stereotypes and should focus more to highlight positive achievements.Slide49
Activity
Take a 10 minute tour of the college, looking at the ‘achievement’ posters (and other posters/advertisements).
Record how many of the students are white, and how many are non-white (you can sub-divide this as you wish).
Ext:- You could also break this down further by gender!Slide50
Education: The Informal Curriculum
Faith schools (already discussed)
The Informal Curriculum can also influence ethnic identities:
Wright et al (2006)
found that young black girls in his study often felt they were treated unfairly in class and translated this as racism.
Sewell (2000)
found that young black boys in his study actively resisted racist teaching practices...and this confused the teachers, who didn’t realise these practices were racist!Slide51
5. Peer GroupSlide52
Peer Group
Ethnic make-up of peer groups can be influenced by schools people attend (e.g. Faith schools)
Cultural comfort zones
promote sense of sameness and belonging, but can limit socialisation with other groups.
Multi-ethnic
peer groups can strengthen ethnic identities through the realisation of differences within the group.Slide53
Peer Group
Alexander (1996)
studied black British youths and found:
Peer groups crucial in what she terms
“the art of being black”.
Males in this study displayed strong
cultural attachments
to ‘being one of the boys’...
Attended what they called ‘black clubs’,
which they differentiated from
‘white clubs’.Slide54
PEER GROUP
Sewell
(2004) argues that ‘black youth’ identity is the result of three things:
Feeling rejected by the dominant culture.
Becoming anxious about how their peers perceive them and so constructing a deviant, masculine identity.
Influence of popular culture – especially the emphasis on designer labels and available male role models (e.g. Rap stars)Slide55
6. WorkplaceSlide56
Workplace
Studies have shown that different ethnicities have different rates of employment, different average pay and more or less difficulty finding and maintaining work.
Heath & Li Cheung
(2006) used the concept ‘the
ethnic penalty
’ to describe the disadvantage experienced by some ethnic minorities in the workplace.
Discuss: What factors do you think contribute to the ‘ethnic penalty’?
Do you think it still exists today?Slide57
Workplace
Family connections and expectations can also affect the type of work some ethnic groups are more likely to do.
Song
(2003) showed that a large proportion of Chinese people living in the UK are employed in the food and catering sector.
Over a third
of doctors working in the NHS are described as
Asian
.
http://viooz.co/movies/6894-east-is-east-1999.htmlSlide58
Activity
Create a
poster
demonstrating how any one agent of socialisation creates and reinforces ethnic identities.
Use your notes, research and your own ideas and images.
Present to the class.Slide59
Written Task
Outline and explain two ways in which an individual may express their ethnic identity [16]